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We present experimental data demonstrating the presence of structure-dependent attachment kinetics (SDAK) in ice crystal growth from water vapor near -5 C. Specifically, we find that the nucleation barrier on the basal edge of a thin-walled…

Materials Science · Physics 2015-06-12 Kenneth G. Libbrecht

We examine the molecular dynamics of crystal growth in the presence of surface melting and surface impurities, and from this propose a detailed microscopic model for the growth of ice from the vapor phase. Our model naturally accounts for…

Materials Science · Physics 2008-10-06 Kenneth G. Libbrecht

We present an investigation of chemical influences on the growth of ice crystals from water vapor. In one set of experiments, we grew ice crystals in a vapor diffusion chamber, observing crystal morphologies at temperatures from 0 C to -25…

Materials Science · Physics 2011-01-04 Kenneth G. Libbrecht , Robert Bell

In this paper I examine snow crystal growth near -4 C in comparison with a comprehensive model that includes Structure-Dependent Attachment Kinetics (SDAK). Together with the previous paper in this series that investigated growth near 14 C,…

Materials Science · Physics 2020-11-05 Kenneth G. Libbrecht

A simple model of irreversible aggregation under differential sedimentation of particles in a fluid is presented. The structure of the aggregates produced by this process is found to feed back on the dynamics in such a way as to stabilise…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 C. D. Westbrook , R. C. Ball , P. R. Field , A. J. Heymsfield

We examine ice crystal growth from water vapor at temperatures near the melting point, when surface premelting creates a quasiliquid layer at the solid/vapor interface. Recent ice growth measurements as a function of vapor supersaturation…

Materials Science · Physics 2014-07-04 Kenneth G. Libbrecht

Icicles form when cool water drips from an overhanging support under ambient conditions which are below freezing. Ice growth is controlled by the removal of latent heat, which is transferred into the surrounding air via a thin film of water…

Pattern Formation and Solitons · Physics 2011-02-10 Antony Szu-Han Chen , Stephen W. Morris

We investigate about the possibility of knowing the thermal history of each snow crystal through the analysis of its individual habitus. Supposition, based on experimental observations, that prevailing growth mechanisms of basal and…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2010-05-31 Federico Falcon

Snowflakes play a crucial role in weather and climate. A significant portion of precipitation that reaches the surface originates as ice, even when it ultimately falls as rain. Contrary to the popular image of symmetric, dendritic crystals,…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-01-16 Axel Seifert , Christoph Siewert , Fabian Jakub , Leonie von Terzi , Stefan Kneifel

With climate modeling predicting a raise of at least 2 C by year 2100, the fate of ice has become a serious concern, but we still do not understand how ice grows (or melts). In the atmosphere, crystal growth rates of basal and prismatic…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2021-01-07 Pablo Llombart , Eva G. Noya , Luis G. MacDowell

The possibility to align and organize faceted particles in the bulk offers intriguing possibilities for the design and discovery of materials and architectures exhibiting novel functional properties. The growth of ice crystals can be used…

Materials Science · Physics 2015-07-01 Florian Bouville , Eric Maire , Sylvain Deville

We present measurements of the growth of long columnar ice crystals from water vapor over a broad range of temperatures and supersaturation levels in air. Starting with thin, c-axis ice needle crystals, we observed their subsequent growth…

Materials Science · Physics 2016-02-09 Kenneth G. Libbrecht

Close to the triple point, the surface of ice is covered by a thin liquid layer (so-called quasi-liquid layer) which crucially impacts growth and melting rates. Experimental probes cannot observe the growth processes below this layer, and…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2021-01-22 David N. Sibley , Pablo Llombart , Eva G. Noya , Andrew J. Archer , Luis G. MacDowell

I describe a semi-empirical molecular model of the surface attachment kinetics governing ice crystal growth from water vapor as a function of temperature, supersaturation, and crystal mesostructure. An important new hypothesis in this model…

Materials Science · Physics 2019-11-14 Kenneth G. Libbrecht

Polar mesospheric clouds provide clues to physicochemical processes in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. However, the heterogeneous nucleation and growth processes of water ice under polar mesospheric conditions are poorly understood,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-25 Reo Sato , Kentaro Noguchi , Hiroyuki Koshida , Atsuki Ishibashi , Tetsuya Hama

We describe the electrically enhanced growth of needle crystals from the vapor phase, for which there exists a morphological instability above a threshold applied potential. Our improved theoretical treatment of this phenomenon shows that…

Materials Science · Physics 2016-08-31 Kenneth G. Libbrecht , Timothy Crosby , Molly Swanson

The structural evolution of suspensions upon freezing is studied with optical microscopy in a suspended droplet configuration. Droplets have millimeter size and consist in an aqueous mixture of silica particles while the surroundings phase…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2018-05-10 Mathieu Nespoulous , Renaud Denoyel , Mickaël Antoni

We describe an experimental apparatus for making detailed morphological observations of the growth of isolated plate-like ice crystals from water vapor. Each crystal develops a plate-on-pedestal (POP) geometry, in which a large, thin,…

Materials Science · Physics 2015-03-04 Kenneth G. Libbrecht

Ice growth has attracted great attention for its capability of fabricating hierarchically porous microstructure. However, the formation of tilted lamellar microstructure during freezing needs to be reconsidered due to the limited control of…

Materials Science · Physics 2020-12-09 Tongxin Zhang , Lilin Wang , Zhijun Wang , Junjie Li , Jincheng Wang

Ice growth from liquid phase has been extensively investigated in various conditions, especially for ice freely grown in undercooled water and aqueous solutions. Although unidirectional ice growth plays a significant role in sea ice and…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-11-17 Tongxin Zhang , Zhijun Wang , Lilin Wang , Junjie Li , Jincheng Wang