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Approximating the action of a matrix function $f(\mathbf{A})$ on a vector $\mathbf{b}$ is an increasingly important primitive in machine learning, data science, and statistics, with applications such as sampling high dimensional Gaussians,…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-11-07 Noah Amsel , Tyler Chen , Anne Greenbaum , Cameron Musco , Chris Musco

The ubiquitous Lanczos method can approximate $f(A)x$ for any symmetric $n \times n$ matrix $A$, vector $x$, and function $f$. In exact arithmetic, the method's error after $k$ iterations is bounded by the error of the best degree-$k$…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Cameron Musco , Christopher Musco , Aaron Sidford

We obtain an expression for the error in the approximation of $f(A) \boldsymbol{b}$ and $\boldsymbol{b}^T f(A) \boldsymbol{b}$ with rational Krylov methods, where $A$ is a symmetric matrix, $\boldsymbol{b}$ is a vector and the function $f$…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-11-07 Igor Simunec

We extend the error bounds from [SIMAX, Vol. 43, Iss. 2, pp. 787-811 (2022)] for the Lanczos method for matrix function approximation to the block algorithm. Numerical experiments suggest that our bounds are fairly robust to changing block…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-04-16 Qichen Xu , Tyler Chen

The Lanczos process constructs a sequence of orthonormal vectors v_m spanning a nested sequence of Krylov subspaces generated by a hermitian matrix A and some starting vector b. In this paper we show how to cheaply recover a secondary…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2015-04-22 A. Frommer , K. Kahl , Th. Lippert , H. Rittich

The Lanczos method is one of the most powerful and fundamental techniques for solving an extremal symmetric eigenvalue problem. Convergence-based error estimates depend heavily on the eigenvalue gap. In practice, this gap is often…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-09-17 John C. Urschel

Lanczos-based methods have become standard tools for tasks involving matrix functions. Progress on these algorithms has been driven by several largely disjoint communities, resulting many innovative and important advancements which would…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-10-16 Tyler Chen

Polynomial Krylov subspace methods are among the most widely used methods for approximating $f(A)b$, the action of a matrix function on a vector, in particular when $A$ is large and sparse. When $A$ is Hermitian positive definite, the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-03-07 Marcel Schweitzer

This paper revisits the error analysis of the Stochastic Lanczos Quadrature (SLQ) method for approximating the trace of matrix functions, with a specific focus on asymmetric Lanczos quadrature rules. We reexplain an existing theoretical…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-14 Wenhao Li , Yixuan Huang , Shengxin Zhu

The Arnoldi process provides an efficient framework for approximating functions of a matrix applied to a vector, i.e., of the form $f(M)\bm{b}$, by repeated matrix-vector multiplications. In this paper, we derive error estimates for…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-01-27 James H. Adler , Xiaozhe Hu , Wenxiao Pan , Zhongqin Xue

We describe a Lanczos-based algorithm for approximating the product of a rational matrix function with a vector. This algorithm, which we call the Lanczos method for optimal rational matrix function approximation (Lanczos-OR), returns the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-06-01 Tyler Chen , Anne Greenbaum , Cameron Musco , Christopher Musco

A common approach to approximating quadratic forms of matrix functions is to use a quadrature rule derived from the Lanczos process, known as a Lanczos quadrature. Although symmetric quadrature rules are computationally favorable, it has…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-01-30 Wenhao Li , Shengxin Zhu

We present a method to approximate functionals $\text{Tr} \, f(A)$ of very high-dimensional hermitian matrices $A$ represented as Matrix Product Operators (MPOs). Our method is based on a reformulation of a block Lanczos algorithm in tensor…

Numerical Analysis · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Moritz August , Mari Carmen Bañuls , Thomas Huckle

In theory, the Lanczos algorithm generates an orthogonal basis of the corresponding Krylov subspace. However, in finite precision arithmetic, the orthogonality and linear independence of the computed Lanczos vectors is usually lost quickly.…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-06-07 Dorota Šimonová , Petr Tichý

We study the Lanczos algorithm where the initial vector is sampled uniformly from $\mathbb{S}^{n-1}$. Let $A$ be an $n \times n$ Hermitian matrix. We show that when run for few iterations, the output of Lanczos on $A$ is almost…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-09-15 Jorge Garza-Vargas , Archit Kulkarni

Quadratic forms of Hermitian matrix resolvents involve the solutions of shifted linear systems. Efficient iterative solutions use the shift-invariance property of Krylov subspaces The Hermitian Lanczos method reduces a given vector and…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-10-15 Keiichi Morikuni

Objectives involving bilinear forms $u^\top f(A(\theta))v$ for Hermitian $A$ arise widely in scientific computing and probabilistic machine learning. For large matrices, Lanczos efficiently approximates these quantities, but differentiating…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-14 Navjot Singh , Kipton Barros , Xiaoye Sherry Li

Recent work found that an analysis formalism based on the Lanczos algorithm allows energy levels to be extracted from Euclidean correlation functions with faster ground-state convergence than effective masses, convergent estimators for…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2025-09-12 Daniel C. Hackett , Michael L. Wagman

An outstanding problem when computing a function of a matrix, $f(A)$, by using a Krylov method is to accurately estimate errors when convergence is slow. Apart from the case of the exponential function which has been extensively studied in…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2018-02-15 Jie Chen , Yousef Saad

We propose and investigate two new methods to approximate $f({\bf A}){\bf b}$ for large, sparse, Hermitian matrices ${\bf A}$. The main idea behind both methods is to first estimate the spectral density of ${\bf A}$, and then find…

Numerical Analysis · Computer Science 2018-08-30 Li Fan , David I Shuman , Shashanka Ubaru , Yousef Saad
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