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Normalizing Flows (NFs) are a class of generative models distinguished by a mathematically invertible architecture, where the forward pass transforms data into a latent space for density estimation, and the reverse pass generates new…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Yang Chen , Xiaowei Xu , Shuai Wang , Chenhui Zhu , Ruxue Wen , Xubin Li , Tiezheng Ge , Limin Wang

Normalizing Flows (NFs) are likelihood-based models for continuous inputs. They have demonstrated promising results on both density estimation and generative modeling tasks, but have received relatively little attention in recent years. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Shuangfei Zhai , Ruixiang Zhang , Preetum Nakkiran , David Berthelot , Jiatao Gu , Huangjie Zheng , Tianrong Chen , Miguel Angel Bautista , Navdeep Jaitly , Josh Susskind

Normalizing Flows (NFs) have been established as a principled framework for generative modeling. Standard NFs consist of a forward process and a reverse process: the forward process maps data to noise, while the reverse process generates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Yiyang Lu , Qiao Sun , Xianbang Wang , Zhicheng Jiang , Hanhong Zhao , Kaiming He

Normalizing Flows (NFs) are a classical family of likelihood-based methods that have received revived attention. Recent efforts such as TARFlow have shown that NFs are capable of achieving promising performance on image modeling tasks,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Tianrong Chen , Jiatao Gu , David Berthelot , Joshua Susskind , Shuangfei Zhai

In recent years, various flow-based generative models have been proposed to generate high-fidelity waveforms in real-time. However, these models require either a well-trained teacher network or a number of flow steps making them…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-07-06 Hyeongju Kim , Hyeonseung Lee , Woo Hyun Kang , Sung Jun Cheon , Byoung Jin Choi , Nam Soo Kim

Normalizing flows and autoregressive models have been successfully combined to produce state-of-the-art results in density estimation, via Masked Autoregressive Flows (MAF), and to accelerate state-of-the-art WaveNet-based speech synthesis…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-04-04 Chin-Wei Huang , David Krueger , Alexandre Lacoste , Aaron Courville

Normalizing Flows (NFs) are widely used in deep generative models for their exact likelihood estimation and efficient sampling. However, they require substantial memory since the latent space matches the input dimension. Multi-scale…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Wei Chen , Shian Du , Shigui Li , Delu Zeng , John Paisley

We reinterpret multiplicative noise in neural networks as auxiliary random variables that augment the approximate posterior in a variational setting for Bayesian neural networks. We show that through this interpretation it is both efficient…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-06-14 Christos Louizos , Max Welling

Speech enhancement involves the distinction of a target speech signal from an intrusive background. Although generative approaches using Variational Autoencoders or Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have increasingly been used in…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-17 Martin Strauss , Bernd Edler

Whispered-to-normal (W2N) speech conversion aims to reconstruct missing phonation from whispered input while preserving content and speaker identity. This task is challenging due to temporal misalignment between whisper and voiced…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-05 Fabian Ritter-Gutierrez , Md Asif Jalal , Pablo Peso Parada , Karthikeyan Saravanan , Yusun Shul , Minseung Kim , Gun-Woo Lee , Han-Gil Moon

Normalizing Flows (NFs) learn invertible mappings between the data and a Gaussian distribution. Prior works usually suffer from two limitations. First, they add random noise to training samples or VAE latents as data augmentation,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Qinyu Zhao , Guangting Zheng , Tao Yang , Rui Zhu , Xingjian Leng , Stephen Gould , Liang Zheng

By chaining a sequence of differentiable invertible transformations, normalizing flows (NF) provide an expressive method of posterior approximation, exact density evaluation, and sampling. The trend in normalizing flow literature has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Robert Giaquinto , Arindam Banerjee

Recently normalizing flows have been gaining traction in text-to-speech (TTS) and voice conversion (VC) due to their state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance. Normalizing flows are unsupervised generative models. In this paper, we introduce…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Jakub Mosiński , Piotr Biliński , Thomas Merritt , Abdelhamid Ezzerg , Daniel Korzekwa

We present a novel theoretical framework for understanding the expressive power of normalizing flows. Despite their prevalence in scientific applications, a comprehensive understanding of flows remains elusive due to their restricted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Felix Draxler , Stefan Wahl , Christoph Schnörr , Ullrich Köthe

Normalizing flows (NFs) have become a prominent method for deep generative models that allow for an analytic probability density estimation and efficient synthesis. However, a flow-based network is considered to be inefficient in parameter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Sang-gil Lee , Sungwon Kim , Sungroh Yoon

Normalizing Flows (NFs) are flexible explicit generative models that have been shown to accurately model complex real-world data distributions. However, their invertibility constraint imposes limitations on data distributions that reside on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-19 Janis Postels , Martin Danelljan , Luc Van Gool , Federico Tombari

Machine recognition of an atypical speech like whispered speech, is a challenging task. We introduce whisper-to-natural-speech conversion using sequence-to-sequence approach by proposing enhanced transformer architecture, which uses both…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-06 Abhishek Niranjan , Mukesh Sharma , Sai Bharath Chandra Gutha , M Ali Basha Shaik

Over the recent years, various deep learning-based methods were proposed for extracting a fixed-dimensional embedding vector from speech signals. Although the deep learning-based embedding extraction methods have shown good performance in…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-08 Woo Hyun Kang , Jahangir Alam , Abderrahim Fathan

Diffusion probabilistic models have shown impressive performance for speech enhancement, but they typically require 25 to 60 function evaluations in the inference phase, resulting in heavy computational complexity. Recently, a fine-tuning…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-12 Seonggyu Lee , Sein Cheong , Sangwook Han , Jong Won Shin

Although neural end-to-end text-to-speech models can synthesize highly natural speech, there is still room for improvements to its efficiency and naturalness. This paper proposes a non-autoregressive neural text-to-speech model augmented…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Isaac Elias , Heiga Zen , Jonathan Shen , Yu Zhang , Ye Jia , Ron Weiss , Yonghui Wu
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