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Interpreting the inference-time behavior of deep neural networks remains a challenging problem. Existing approaches to counterfactual explanation typically ask: What is the closest alternative input that would alter the model's prediction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Brian Hyeongseok Kim , Jacqueline L. Mitchell , Chao Wang

The use of symbolic knowledge representation and reasoning as a way to resolve the lack of transparency of machine learning classifiers is a research area that lately attracts many researchers. In this work, we use knowledge graphs as the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-09 Edmund Dervakos , Orfeas Menis-Mastromichalakis , Alexandros Chortaras , Giorgos Stamou

In this paper, we introduce VACA, a novel class of variational graph autoencoders for causal inference in the absence of hidden confounders, when only observational data and the causal graph are available. Without making any parametric…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-10-29 Pablo Sanchez-Martin , Miriam Rateike , Isabel Valera

Learning to predict missing links is important for many graph-based applications. Existing methods were designed to learn the association between observed graph structure and existence of link between a pair of nodes. However, the causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Tong Zhao , Gang Liu , Daheng Wang , Wenhao Yu , Meng Jiang

Counterfactuals are a popular framework for interpreting machine learning predictions. These what if explanations are notoriously challenging to create for computer vision models: standard gradient-based methods are prone to produce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Jeremy Goldwasser , Giles Hooker

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been successful in modeling graph-structured data. However, similar to other machine learning models, GNNs can exhibit bias in predictions based on attributes like race and gender. Moreover, bias in GNNs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Zengyi Wo , Chang Liu , Yumeng Wang , Minglai Shao , Wenjun Wang

In this paper titled A Symbolic Approach for Counterfactual Explanations we propose a novel symbolic approach to provide counterfactual explanations for a classifier predictions. Contrary to most explanation approaches where the goal is to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Ryma Boumazouza , Fahima Cheikh-Alili , Bertrand Mazure , Karim Tabia

Graph Neural Networks achieve remarkable results on problems with structured data but come as black-box predictors. Transferring existing explanation techniques, such as occlusion, fails as even removing a single node or edge can lead to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Lukas Faber , Amin K. Moghaddam , Roger Wattenhofer

The rise of deep learning in image classification has brought unprecedented accuracy but also highlighted a key issue: the use of 'shortcuts' by models. Such shortcuts are easy-to-learn patterns from the training data that fail to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-30 James Hinns , David Martens

Graphs are nowadays ubiquitous in the fields of signal processing and machine learning. As a tool used to express relationships between objects, graphs can be deployed to various ends: I) clustering of vertices, II) semi-supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-17 Carlos Lassance , Vincent Gripon , Gonzalo Mateos

Automated fact-checking aims to assess the truthfulness of textual claims based on relevant evidence. However, verifying complex claims that require multi-hop reasoning remains a significant challenge. We propose GraphCheck, a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Hyewon Jeon , Jay-Yoon Lee

Interpretability research takes counterfactual theories of causality for granted. Most causal methods rely on counterfactual interventions to inputs or the activations of particular model components, followed by observations of the change…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Aaron Mueller

This paper proposes a novel framework to reinforce classification models using language-guided generated counterfactual images. Deep learning classification models are often trained using datasets that mirror real-world scenarios. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Xiang Li , Ren Togo , Keisuke Maeda , Takahiro Ogawa , Miki Haseyama

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have been widely used in various domains such as social networks, molecular biology, or recommendation systems. Concurrently, different explanations methods of GNNs have arisen to complement its black-box…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Gregoire Fournier , Sourav Medya

Society is experimenting changes in information consumption, as new information channels such as social networks let people share news that do not necessarily be trust worthy. Sometimes, these sources of information produce fake news…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-04-03 Eduardo C. Garrido-Merchán , Cristina Puente , Rafael Palacios

This paper introduces epistemic graphs as a generalization of the epistemic approach to probabilistic argumentation. In these graphs, an argument can be believed or disbelieved up to a given degree, thus providing a more fine--grained…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-01-15 Anthony Hunter , Sylwia Polberg , Matthias Thimm

Counterfactuals -- expressing what might have been true under different circumstances -- have been widely applied in statistics and machine learning to help understand causal relationships. More recently, counterfactuals have begun to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Arran Zeyu Wang , David Borland , David Gotz

Deep learning models are widely used in traffic forecasting and have achieved state-of-the-art prediction accuracy. However, the black-box nature of those models makes the results difficult to interpret by users. This study aims to leverage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Rushan Wang , Yanan Xin , Yatao Zhang , Fernando Perez-Cruz , Martin Raubal

Counterfactual post-hoc interpretability approaches have been proven to be useful tools to generate explanations for the predictions of a trained blackbox classifier. However, the assumptions they make about the data and the classifier make…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-13 Thibault Laugel , Marie-Jeanne Lesot , Christophe Marsala , Marcin Detyniecki

EXplainable AI has received significant attention in recent years. Machine learning models often operate as black boxes, lacking explainability and transparency while supporting decision-making processes. Local post-hoc explainability…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Gianvincenzo Alfano , Sergio Greco , Domenico Mandaglio , Francesco Parisi , Reza Shahbazian , Irina Trubitsyna
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