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Predictive models are omnipresent in automated and assisted decision making scenarios. But for the most part they are used as black boxes which output a prediction without understanding partially or even completely how different features…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-07-02 Jaspreet Singh , Avishek Anand

As machine learning increasingly influences critical domains such as credit underwriting, public policy, and talent acquisition, ensuring compliance with fairness constraints is both a legal and ethical imperative. This paper introduces a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Léandre Eberhard , Nirek Sharma , Filipp Shelobolin , Aalok Ganesh Shanbhag

We study the robustness of global post-hoc explanations for predictive models trained on tabular data. Effects of predictor features in black-box supervised learning are an essential diagnostic tool for model debugging and scientific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Hubert Baniecki , Giuseppe Casalicchio , Bernd Bischl , Przemyslaw Biecek

Post-hoc interpretability methods are critical tools to explain neural-network results. Several post-hoc methods have emerged in recent years, but when applied to a given task, they produce different results, raising the question of which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Hugues Turbé , Mina Bjelogrlic , Christian Lovis , Gianmarco Mengaldo

With the increased deployment of machine learning models in various real-world applications, researchers and practitioners alike have emphasized the need for explanations of model behaviour. To this end, two broad strategies have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Usha Bhalla , Suraj Srinivas , Himabindu Lakkaraju

To tackle interpretability in deep learning, we present a novel framework to jointly learn a predictive model and its associated interpretation model. The interpreter provides both local and global interpretability about the predictive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Jayneel Parekh , Pavlo Mozharovskyi , Florence d'Alché-Buc

Explainability is needed to establish confidence in machine learning results. Some explainable methods take a post hoc approach to explain the weights of machine learning models, others highlight areas of the input contributing to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Paul Whitten , Francis Wolff , Chris Papachristou

Surging interest in deep learning from high-stakes domains has precipitated concern over the inscrutable nature of black box neural networks. Explainable AI (XAI) research has led to an abundance of explanation algorithms for these black…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Zachariah Carmichael , Walter J. Scheirer

Pattern recognition systems implemented using deep neural networks achieve better results than linear models. However, their drawback is the black box property. This property means that one with no experience utilising nonlinear systems may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Martin Klimo , Lubomir Kralik

Existing and planned legislation stipulates various obligations to provide information about machine learning algorithms and their functioning, often interpreted as obligations to "explain". Many researchers suggest using post-hoc…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Sebastian Bordt , Michèle Finck , Eric Raidl , Ulrike von Luxburg

A critical problem in the field of post hoc explainability is the lack of a common foundational goal among methods. For example, some methods are motivated by function approximation, some by game theoretic notions, and some by obtaining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-02 Tessa Han , Suraj Srinivas , Himabindu Lakkaraju

Explainable Recommendation has attracted a lot of attention due to a renewed interest in explainable artificial intelligence. In particular, post-hoc approaches have proved to be the most easily applicable ones to increasingly complex…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-10-11 Vito Walter Anelli , Alejandro Bellogín , Tommaso Di Noia , Francesco Maria Donini , Vincenzo Paparella , Claudio Pomo

Deep neural networks are becoming more and more popular due to their revolutionary success in diverse areas, such as computer vision, natural language processing, and speech recognition. However, the decision-making processes of these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-15 Oana-Maria Camburu

Neural networks have achieved remarkable success across various fields. However, the lack of interpretability limits their practical use, particularly in critical decision-making scenarios. Post-hoc interpretability, which provides…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Yang Ji , Ying Sun , Yuting Zhang , Zhigaoyuan Wang , Yuanxin Zhuang , Zheng Gong , Dazhong Shen , Chuan Qin , Hengshu Zhu , Hui Xiong

There have been several post-hoc explanation approaches developed to explain pre-trained black-box neural networks. However, there is still a gap in research efforts toward designing neural networks that are inherently explainable. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-01 Subash Khanal , Benjamin Brodie , Xin Xing , Ai-Ling Lin , Nathan Jacobs

Deep neural networks, while powerful for image classification, often operate as "black boxes," complicating the understanding of their decision-making processes. Various explanation methods, particularly those generating saliency maps, aim…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Tristan Gomez , Harold Mouchère

Explaining recommendations enables users to understand whether recommended items are relevant to their needs and has been shown to increase their trust in the system. More generally, if designing explainable machine learning models is key…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-27 Darius Afchar , Romain Hennequin

Estimating how well a machine learning model performs during inference is critical in a variety of scenarios (for example, to quantify uncertainty, or to choose from a library of available models). However, the standard accuracy estimate of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Xuechen Zhang , Samet Oymak , Jiasi Chen

As machine learning models are increasingly considered for high-stakes domains, effective explanation methods are crucial to ensure that their prediction strategies are transparent to the user. Over the years, numerous metrics have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Johannes Maeß , Grégoire Montavon , Shinichi Nakajima , Klaus-Robert Müller , Thomas Schnake

Despite significant progress, evaluation of explainable artificial intelligence remains elusive and challenging. In this paper we propose a fine-grained validation framework that is not overly reliant on any one facet of these…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Kacper Sokol , Julia E. Vogt