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Modern software development relies on package ecosystems where a single declared dependency can pull in many additional transitive packages. This dependency amplification, defined as the ratio of transitive to direct dependencies, has major…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Jahidul Arafat

Background: Widespread use of third-party libraries makes ecosystems like Node Package Manager (npm) critical to modern software development. However, this interconnected chain of dependencies also creates challenges: bugs in one library…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Mohammadreza Saeidi , Ethan Thoma , Raula Gaikovina Kula , Gema Rodríguez-Pérez

The npm (Node Package Manager) ecosystem is the most important package manager for JavaScript development with millions of users. Consequently, a plethora of earlier work investigated how vulnerability reporting, patch propagation, and in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Rajdeep Ghosh , Shiladitya De , Mainack Mondal

A software supply chain attack is characterized by the injection of malicious code into a software package in order to compromise dependent systems further down the chain. Recent years saw a number of supply chain attacks that leverage the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Marc Ohm , Henrik Plate , Arnold Sykosch , Michael Meier

The robustness of npm dependency network is a crucial property, since many projects and web applications heavily rely on the functionalities of packages, especially popular ones that have many dependant packages. In the past, there have…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-10-25 Andrej Hafner , Anže Mur , Jaka Bernard

Software packages developed and distributed through package managers extensively depend on other packages. These dependencies are regularly updated, for example to add new features, resolve bugs or fix security issues. In order to take full…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-06-14 Alexandre Decan , Tom Mens , Eleni Constantinou

Recent high-profile incidents in open-source software have greatly raised practitioner attention on software supply chain attacks. To guard against potential malicious package updates, security practitioners advocate pinning dependency to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Hao He , Bogdan Vasilescu , Christian Kästner

Reusing software libraries is a pillar of modern software engineering. In 2022, the average Java application depends on 40 third-party libraries. Relying on such libraries exposes a project to potential vulnerabilities and may put an…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Amir M. Mir , Mehdi Keshani , Sebastian Proksch

Much of the success of modern software development can be attributed to code reuse. The ability to reuse existing functionality via third-party dependencies has enabled massive gains in productivity, but for a long time the dominant…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Brittany Anne Reid , Raula Gaikovina Kula

Language-based ecosystems (LBE), i.e., software ecosystems based on a single programming language, are very common. Examples include the npm ecosystem for JavaScript, and PyPI for Python. These environments encourage code reuse between…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Ruturaj K. Vaidya , Lorenzo De Carli , Drew Davidson , Vaibhav Rastogi

Much of the current software depends on open-source components, which in turn have complex dependencies on other open-source libraries. Vulnerabilities in open source therefore have potentially huge impacts. The goal of this work is to get…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Tobias Dam , Sebastian Neumaier

As modern software extensively uses free open source packages as dependencies, developers have to regularly pull in new third-party code through frequent updates. However, without a proper review of every incoming change, vulnerable and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Nasif Imtiaz , Laurie Williams

Python software development heavily relies on third-party packages. Direct and transitive dependencies create a labyrinth of software supply chains. While it is convenient to reuse code, vulnerabilities within these dependency chains can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Jacob Mahon , Chenxi Hou , Zhihao Yao

Third-party libraries with rich functionalities facilitate the fast development of Node.js software, but also bring new security threats that vulnerabilities could be introduced through dependencies. In particular, the threats could be…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Chengwei Liu , Sen Chen , Lingling Fan , Bihuan Chen , Yang Liu , Xin Peng

Third-party library reuse has become common practice in contemporary software development, as it includes several benefits for developers. Library dependencies are constantly evolving, with newly added features and patches that fix bugs in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-09-15 Raula Gaikovina Kula , Daniel M. German , Ali Ouni , Takashi Ishio , Katsuro Inoue

The widespread of libraries within modern software ecosystems creates complex networks of dependencies. These dependencies are fragile to breakage, outdated, or redundancy, potentially leading to cascading issues in dependent libraries. One…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Pongchai Jaisri , Brittany Reid , Raula Gaikovina Kula

The widespread use of package managers like Maven has accelerated software development but has also introduced significant security risks due to vulnerabilities in dependencies. In this study, we analyze the prevalence and impact of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Ehtisham Ul Haq , Song Wang , Robert S. Allison

The paper presents a traceability analysis of how over 84 thousand vulnerabilities have propagated across 28 open source software ecosystems. According to the results, the propagation sequences have been complex in general, although GitHub,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Jukka Ruohonen , Qusai Ramadan

Reusable software components, typically distributed as packages, are a central paradigm of modern software development. The JavaScript ecosystem serves as a prime example, offering millions of packages with their use being promoted as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Ben Swierzy , Marc Ohm , Michael Meier

The rise of user-contributed Open Source Software (OSS) ecosystems demonstrate their prevalence in the software engineering discipline. Libraries work together by depending on each other across the ecosystem. From these ecosystems emerges a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-09-15 Raula Gaikovina Kula , Ali Ouni , Daniel M. German , Katsuro Inoue