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Cluster-randomized trials (CRTs) are experimental designs where groups or clusters of participants, rather than the individual participants themselves, are randomized to intervention groups. Analyzing CRT requires distinguishing between…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-10 Xi Fang , Bingkai Wang , Liangyuan Hu , Fan Li

In this paper, we propose a data-adaptive empirical likelihood-based approach for treatment effect estimation and inference, which overcomes the obstacle of the traditional empirical likelihood-based approaches in the high-dimensional…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-12-15 Wei Liang , Ying Yan

Adaptive experimentation enables efficient estimation of causal effects, but existing methods are not designed for survival data with censoring, where event times are only partially observed (e.g., overall survival in cancer trials but with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yuxin Wang , Dennis Frauen , Jonas Schweisthal , Maresa Schröder , Emil Javurek , Stefan Feuerriegel

When data are right-censored, i.e. some outcomes are missing due to a limited period of observation, survival analysis can compute the "time to event". Multiple classes of outcomes lead to a classification variant: predicting the most…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Julie Alberge , Vincent Maladière , Olivier Grisel , Judith Abécassis , Gaël Varoquaux

In this paper, we introduce a unified estimator to analyze various treatment effects in causal inference, including but not limited to the average treatment effect (ATE) and the quantile treatment effect (QTE). The proposed estimator is…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-31 Kuan-Hsun Wu , Li-Pang Chen

Intercurrent events, such as treatment switching, rescue medication, dropout, or truncation by death, frequently complicate intention-to-treat analyses in randomized clinical trials. Existing causal inference frameworks typically target…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-12 Georgi Baklicharov , Kelly Van Lancker , Stijn Vansteelandt

Comparing the survival times among two groups is a common problem in time-to-event analysis, for example if one would like to understand whether one medical treatment is superior to another. In the standard survival analysis setting, there…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-07-07 Dennis Dobler , Eni Musta

This paper presents a general difference-in-differences framework for identifying path-dependent treatment effects when treatment histories are partially observed. We introduce a novel robust estimator that adjusts for missing histories…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-06-18 Akanksha Negi , Didier Nibbering

Omitted variable bias can affect treatment effect estimates obtained from observational data due to the lack of random assignment to treatment groups. Sensitivity analyses adjust these estimates to quantify the impact of potential omitted…

Methodology · Statistics 2010-11-10 Carrie A. Hosman , Ben B. Hansen , Paul W. Holland

Electronic health records and other sources of observational data are increasingly used for drawing causal inferences. The estimation of a causal effect using these data not meant for research purposes is subject to confounding and…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-19 Janie Coulombe , Shu Yang

Precision medicine promises to transform health care by offering individualised treatments that dramatically improve clinical outcomes. A necessary prerequisite is to identify subgroups of patients who respond differently to different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Adam Marcus , Paul Agapow

Causal inference from observational data requires assumptions. These assumptions range from measuring confounders to identifying instruments. Traditionally, causal inference assumptions have focused on estimation of effects for a single…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-03-04 Rajesh Ranganath , Adler Perotte

Beyond conditional average treatment effects, treatments may impact the entire outcome distribution in covariate-dependent ways, for example, by altering the variance or tail risks for specific subpopulations. We propose a novel estimand to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-18 Saksham Jain , Alex Luedtke

We investigate the finite sample performance of sample splitting, cross-fitting and averaging for the estimation of the conditional average treatment effect. Recently proposed methods, so-called meta-learners, make use of machine learning…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-27 Daniel Jacob

Undertaking causal inference with observational data is incredibly useful across a wide range of tasks including the development of medical treatments, advertisements and marketing, and policy making. There are two significant challenges…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-01-19 Matthew James Vowels , Necati Cihan Camgoz , Richard Bowden

Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are ideal for estimating causal effects, because the distributions of background covariates are similar in expectation across treatment groups. When estimating causal effects using observational data,…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-02-27 Anthony D. Scotina , Roee Gutman

Comparative effectiveness research frequently employs the instrumental variable design since randomized trials can be infeasible for many reasons. In this study, we investigate and compare treatments for emergency cholecystitis --…

Applications · Statistics 2023-07-13 Kenta Takatsu , Alexander W. Levis , Edward Kennedy , Rachel Kelz , Luke Keele

Estimating the effects of interventions on patient outcome is one of the key aspects of personalized medicine. Their inference is often challenged by the fact that the training data comprises only the outcome for the administered treatment,…

We consider assessing causal mediation in the presence of a post-treatment event (examples include noncompliance, a clinical event, or death). We identify natural mediation effects for the entire study population and for each principal…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-13 Chao Cheng , Fan Li

The primary analysis of randomized screening trials for cancer typically adheres to the intention-to-screen principle, measuring cancer-specific mortality reductions between screening and control arms. These mortality reductions result from…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-07-30 Sudipta Saha , Zhihui Liu , Olli Saarela