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Bots, simply defined as accounts controlled by automation, can be used as a weapon for online manipulation and pose a threat to the health of platforms. Researchers have studied online platforms to detect, estimate, and characterize bot…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Onur Varol

An outstanding challenge with safety methods for human-robot interaction is reducing their conservatism while maintaining robustness to variations in human behavior. In this work, we propose that robots use confidence-aware game-theoretic…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Ran Tian , Liting Sun , Andrea Bajcsy , Masayoshi Tomizuka , Anca D. Dragan

Individuals are turning to increasingly anthropomorphic, general-purpose chatbots for AI companionship, rather than roleplay-specific platforms. However, not much is known about how individuals perceive and conduct their relationships with…

While Large Language Models (LLMs) are rapidly integrating into daily life, research on their risks often remains lab-based and disconnected from the problems users encounter "in the wild." While recent HCI research has begun to explore…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Lingyao Li , Renkai Ma , Zhaoqian Xue , Junjie Xiong

The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has enabled large-scale AI applications to land in the market and practice. However, while AI technology has brought many conveniences to people in the productization process,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-22 Shaokang Cai , Dezhi Han , Zibin Zheng , Dun Li , NoelCrespi

Evaluating and understanding the inappropriateness of chatbot behaviors can be challenging, particularly for chatbot designers without technical backgrounds. To democratize the debugging process of chatbot misbehaviors for non-technical…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Xu Han , Michelle Zhou , Yichen Wang , Wenxi Chen , Tom Yeh

Accurate prediction of conversation topics can be a valuable signal for creating coherent and engaging dialog systems. In this work, we focus on context-aware topic classification methods for identifying topics in free-form human-chatbot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-22 Chandra Khatri , Rahul Goel , Behnam Hedayatnia , Angeliki Metanillou , Anushree Venkatesh , Raefer Gabriel , Arindam Mandal

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) in diverse applications requires a thorough understanding of their decision-making strategies and behavioral patterns. As a supplement to a recent study on the behavioral Turing test, this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Yutong Xie , Yiyao Liu , Zhuang Ma , Lin Shi , Xiyuan Wang , Walter Yuan , Matthew O. Jackson , Qiaozhu Mei

In recent times, a large number of people have been involved in establishing their own businesses. Unlike humans, chatbots can serve multiple customers at a time, are available 24/7 and reply in less than a fraction of a second. Though…

A wide range of participation is essential for democracy, as it helps prevent the dominance of extreme views, erosion of legitimacy, and political polarization. However, engagement in online political discussions often features a limited…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Valeria Vuk , Cristina Sarasua , Fabrizio Gilardi

With the increasing use of social media data for health-related research, the credibility of the information from this source has been questioned as the posts may originate from automated accounts or "bots". While automatic bot detection…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-01 Anahita Davoudi , Ari Z. Klein , Abeed Sarker , Graciela Gonzalez-Hernandez

Chatbots are conversational software applications designed to interact dialectically with users for a plethora of different purposes. Surprisingly, these colloquial agents have only recently been coupled with computational models of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Federico Castagna , Nadin Kokciyan , Isabel Sassoon , Simon Parsons , Elizabeth Sklar

This study examines whether leading AI chatbot companies implement the responsible AI principles they publicly advocate. The authors used a mixed-methods approach analyzing four major chatbots (ChatGPT, Gemini, DeepSeek, and Grok) across…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Susan Ariel Aaronson , Michael Moreno

Chatbots shifted from rule-based to artificial intelligence techniques and gained traction in medicine, shopping, customer services, food delivery, education, and research. OpenAI developed ChatGPT blizzard on the Internet as it crossed one…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Attia Qammar , Hongmei Wang , Jianguo Ding , Abdenacer Naouri , Mahmoud Daneshmand , Huansheng Ning

AI chatbots are widely used by children and teens today, but they pose significant risks to youth's privacy and safety due to both increasingly personal conversations and potential exposure to unsafe content. While children under 13 are…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Olivia Figueira , Pranathi Chamarthi , Tu Le , Athina Markopoulou

This article presents a comparative analysis of the ability of two large language model (LLM)-based chatbots, ChatGPT and Bing Chat, recently rebranded to Microsoft Copilot, to detect veracity of political information. We use AI auditing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Elizaveta Kuznetsova , Mykola Makhortykh , Victoria Vziatysheva , Martha Stolze , Ani Baghumyan , Aleksandra Urman

As conversational agents become increasingly common in behaviour change interventions, understanding optimal feedback delivery mechanisms becomes increasingly important. However, choosing a style that both lessens psychological reactance…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Samuel Rhys Cox , Joel Wester , Niels van Berkel

Chatbots are popular for both task-oriented conversations and unstructured conversations with web users. Several different approaches to creating comedy and art exist across the field of computational creativity. Despite the popularity and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-07-04 Allison Perrone , Justin Edwards

In this paper, we describe approaches for developing Emily, an emotion-affective open-domain chatbot. Emily can perceive a user's negative emotion state and offer supports by positively converting the user's emotion states. This is done by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Weixuan Wang , Xiaoling Cai , Chong Hsuan Huang , Haoran Wang , Haonan Lu , Ximing Liu , Wei Peng

In recent years, large language models have been responsible for great advances in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). ChatGPT in particular, an AI chatbot developed and recently released by OpenAI, has taken the field to the next…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Raphaël Khoury , Anderson R. Avila , Jacob Brunelle , Baba Mamadou Camara