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Related papers: PSB2: The Second Program Synthesis Benchmark Suite

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Benchmarking has driven scientific progress in Evolutionary Computation, yet current practices fall short of real-world needs. Widely used synthetic suites such as BBOB and CEC isolate algorithmic phenomena but poorly reflect the structure,…

Automatic software generation based on some specification is known as program synthesis. Most existing approaches formulate program synthesis as a search problem with discrete parameters. In this paper, we present a novel formulation of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Shantanu Mandal , Todd A. Anderson , Javier Turek , Justin Gottschlich , Abdullah Muzahid

Synthetic Benchmark Problems (SBPs) are commonly used to evaluate the performance of metaheuristic algorithms. However, these SBPs often contain various unrealistic properties, potentially leading to underestimation or overestimation of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Kaichen Ouyang , Yezhi Xia

In recent years, deep learning has made tremendous progress in a number of fields that were previously out of reach for artificial intelligence. The successes in these problems has led researchers to consider the possibilities for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-02-08 Neel Kant

In many scenarios we need to find the most likely program under a local context, where the local context can be an incomplete program, a partial specification, natural language description, etc. We call such problem program estimation. In…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-02-22 Yingfei Xiong , Bo Wang , Guirong Fu , Linfei Zang

Automated Synthesis Planning has recently re-emerged as a research area at the intersection of chemistry and machine learning. Despite the appearance of steady progress, we argue that imperfect benchmarks and inconsistent comparisons mask…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Krzysztof Maziarz , Austin Tripp , Guoqing Liu , Megan Stanley , Shufang Xie , Piotr Gaiński , Philipp Seidl , Marwin Segler

The evaluation of code-generating Large Language Models (LLMs) is fundamentally constrained by two intertwined challenges: a reliance on static, easily contaminated problem sources and the use of superficial, low-rigor testing. This paper…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Zhe Zhang , Runlin Liu , Aishan Liu , Xingyu Liu , Xiang Gao , Hailong Sun

Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) with respect to real-world code complexity is essential. Otherwise, there is a risk of overestimating LLMs' programming abilities based on simplistic benchmarks, only to be disappointed when using…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yang Chen , Shuyang Liu , Reyhaneh Jabbarvand

The level and quality of automation dramatically affects software testing activities, determines costs and effectiveness of the testing process, and largely impacts on the quality of the final product. While costs and benefits of automating…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Matteo Brunetto , Giovanni Denaro , Leonardo Mariani , Mauro Pezzè

A key challenge in program synthesis is the astronomical size of the search space the synthesizer has to explore. In response to this challenge, recent work proposed to guide synthesis using learned probabilistic models. Obtaining such a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Shraddha Barke , Hila Peleg , Nadia Polikarpova

Program synthesis is the process of generating a computer program following a set of specifications, which can be a high-level description of the problem and/or a set of input-output examples. The synthesis can be modeled as a search…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Matheus Campos Fernandes , Fabrício Olivetti de França , Emilio Francesquini

As computing system become more complex, it is becoming harder for programmers to keep their codes optimized as the hardware gets updated. Autotuners try to alleviate this by hiding as many architecture-based optimization details as…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Jacob O. Tørring , Ben van Werkhoven , Filip Petrovic , Floris-Jan Willemsen , Jirí Filipovic , Anne C. Elster

We introduce DS-1000, a code generation benchmark with a thousand data science problems spanning seven Python libraries, such as NumPy and Pandas. Compared to prior works, DS-1000 incorporates three core features. First, our problems…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Yuhang Lai , Chengxi Li , Yiming Wang , Tianyi Zhang , Ruiqi Zhong , Luke Zettlemoyer , Scott Wen-tau Yih , Daniel Fried , Sida Wang , Tao Yu

The Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problem is the canonical NP-complete problem and is fundamental to computer science, with a wide array of applications in planning, verification, and theorem proving. Developing and evaluating practical SAT…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-31 Jiaxuan You , Haoze Wu , Clark Barrett , Raghuram Ramanujan , Jure Leskovec

Among the biggest challenges in property-based testing (PBT) is the constrained random generation problem: given a predicate on program values, randomly sample from the set of all values satisfying that predicate, and only those values.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Harrison Goldstein , Hila Peleg , Cassia Torczon , Daniel Sainati , Leonidas Lampropoulos , Benjamin C. Pierce

Benchmarking optimization algorithms is fundamental for the advancement of computational intelligence. However, widely adopted artificial test suites exhibit limited correspondence with the diversity and complexity of real-world engineering…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Stefan Ivić , Siniša Družeta , Luka Grbčić

Program synthesis techniques construct or infer programs from user-provided specifications, such as input-output examples. Yet most specifications, especially those given by end-users, leave the synthesis problem radically ill-posed,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-22 Yewen Pu , Kevin Ellis , Marta Kryven , Josh Tenenbaum , Armando Solar-Lezama

Language models for program synthesis are usually trained and evaluated on programming competition datasets (MBPP, APPS). However, these datasets are limited in size and quality, while these language models are extremely data hungry.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Noah van der Vleuten

Although synthetic test problems are widely used for the performance assessment of evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithms, they are likely to include unrealistic properties which may lead to overestimation/underestimation. To…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Ryoji Tanabe , Hisao Ishibuchi

While generalization over tasks from easy to hard is crucial to profile language models (LLMs), the datasets with fine-grained difficulty annotations for each problem across a broad range of complexity are still blank. Aiming to address…