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Identifying the causal relations between interested variables plays a pivotal role in representation learning as it provides deep insights into the dataset. Identifiability, as the central theme of this approach, normally hinges on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Boyang Sun , Ignavier Ng , Guangyi Chen , Yifan Shen , Qirong Ho , Kun Zhang

Representation learning models exhibit a surprising stability in their internal representations. Whereas most prior work treats this stability as a single property, we formalize it as two distinct concepts: statistical identifiability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Walter Nelson , Marco Fumero , Theofanis Karaletsos , Francesco Locatello

A central problem in unsupervised deep learning is how to find useful representations of high-dimensional data, sometimes called "disentanglement". Most approaches are heuristic and lack a proper theoretical foundation. In linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Aapo Hyvarinen , Ilyes Khemakhem , Hiroshi Morioka

Recently, nonlinear ICA has surfaced as a popular alternative to the many heuristic models used in deep representation learning and disentanglement. An advantage of nonlinear ICA is that a sophisticated identifiability theory has been…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-29 Hermanni Hälvä , Jonathan So , Richard E. Turner , Aapo Hyvärinen

Nonlinear ICA is a fundamental problem for unsupervised representation learning, emphasizing the capacity to recover the underlying latent variables generating the data (i.e., identifiability). Recently, the very first identifiability…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-02-05 Aapo Hyvarinen , Hiroaki Sasaki , Richard E. Turner

Nonlinear independent component analysis (ICA) aims to recover the underlying independent latent sources from their observable nonlinear mixtures. How to make the nonlinear ICA model identifiable up to certain trivial indeterminacies is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Yujia Zheng , Ignavier Ng , Kun Zhang

We prove identifiability of a broad class of deep latent variable models that (a) have universal approximation capabilities and (b) are the decoders of variational autoencoders that are commonly used in practice. Unlike existing work, our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Bohdan Kivva , Goutham Rajendran , Pradeep Ravikumar , Bryon Aragam

Identifiability is a desirable property of a statistical model: it implies that the true model parameters may be estimated to any desired precision, given sufficient computational resources and data. We study identifiability in the context…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-09 Geoffrey Roeder , Luke Metz , Diederik P. Kingma

We study the problem of unsupervised representation learning in slightly misspecified settings, and thus formalize the study of robustness of nonlinear representation learning. We focus on the case where the mixing is close to a local…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-20 Simon Buchholz , Bernhard Schölkopf

Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is a fundamental unsupervised learning technique foruncovering latent structure in data by separating mixed signals into their independent sources. While substantial progress has been made in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Yuwen Jiang

While the beta-VAE family is aiming to find disentangled representations and acquire human-interpretable generative factors, like what an ICA (from the linear domain) does, we propose Full Encoder, a novel unified autoencoder framework as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Zhouzheng Li , Kun Feng

Finding overcomplete latent representations of data has applications in data analysis, signal processing, machine learning, theoretical neuroscience and many other fields. In an overcomplete representation, the number of latent features…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Jesse A. Livezey , Alejandro F. Bujan , Friedrich T. Sommer

Recent advances in nonlinear Independent Component Analysis (ICA) provide a principled framework for unsupervised feature learning and disentanglement. The central idea in such works is that the latent components are assumed to be…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-23 Hermanni Hälvä , Aapo Hyvärinen

Separating high-dimensional data like images into independent latent factors, i.e independent component analysis (ICA), remains an open research problem. As we show, existing probabilistic deep generative models (DGMs), which are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-01 Alexander Camuto , Matthew Willetts , Brooks Paige , Chris Holmes , Stephen Roberts

A key goal of unsupervised representation learning is "inverting" a data generating process to recover its latent properties. Existing work that provably achieves this goal relies on strong assumptions on relationships between the latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-01 Kartik Ahuja , Jason Hartford , Yoshua Bengio

The framework of variational autoencoders allows us to efficiently learn deep latent-variable models, such that the model's marginal distribution over observed variables fits the data. Often, we're interested in going a step further, and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-22 Ilyes Khemakhem , Diederik P. Kingma , Ricardo Pio Monti , Aapo Hyvärinen

We consider the identifiability theory of probabilistic models and establish sufficient conditions under which the representations learned by a very broad family of conditional energy-based models are unique in function space, up to a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-27 Ilyes Khemakhem , Ricardo Pio Monti , Diederik P. Kingma , Aapo Hyvärinen

This paper extends recent work on nonlinear Independent Component Analysis (ICA) by introducing a theoretical framework for nonlinear Independent Subspace Analysis (ISA) in the presence of auxiliary variables. Observed high dimensional…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-28 Amrith Setlur , Barnabas Poczos , Alan W Black

Identifiability of statistical models is a key notion in unsupervised representation learning. Recent work of nonlinear independent component analysis (ICA) employs auxiliary data and has established identifiable conditions. This paper…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-31 Hiroaki Sasaki

Unsupervised representation learning seeks to recover latent generative factors, yet standard methods relying on statistical independence often fail to capture causal dependencies. A central challenge is identifiability: as established in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Hans Jarett J. Ong , Brian Godwin S. Lim , Dominic Dayta , Renzo Roel P. Tan , Kazushi Ikeda
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