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Key-value (KV) caching has become the de-facto to accelerate generation speed for large language models (LLMs) inference. However, the growing cache demand with increasing sequence length has transformed LLM inference to be a memory bound…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Hao Kang , Qingru Zhang , Souvik Kundu , Geonhwa Jeong , Zaoxing Liu , Tushar Krishna , Tuo Zhao

Efficient KV cache management in LLMs is crucial for long-context tasks like RAG and summarization. Existing KV cache compression methods enforce a fixed pattern, neglecting task-specific characteristics and reducing the retention of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Xiabin Zhou , Wenbin Wang , Minyan Zeng , Jiaxian Guo , Xuebo Liu , Li Shen , Min Zhang , Liang Ding

LLMs are widely adopted in production, pushing inference systems to their limits. Disaggregated LLM serving (e.g., PD separation and KV state disaggregation) improves scalability and cost efficiency, but it also turns KV into an explicit…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Zedong Liu , Xinyang Ma , Dejun Luo , Hairui Zhao , Bing Lu , Wenjing Huang , Yida Gu , Xingchen Liu , Zheng Wei , Jinyang Liu , Dingwen Tao , Guangming Tan

Large language models (LLMs) are widely deployed with rapidly expanding context windows to support increasingly demanding applications. However, long contexts pose significant deployment challenges, primarily due to the KV cache whose size…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Guangda Liu , Chengwei Li , Zhenyu Ning , Jing Lin , Yiwu Yao , Danning Ke , Minyi Guo , Jieru Zhao

Vision-Language Large Models (VLLMs) face significant efficiency challenges when processing high-resolution inputs. The quadratic complexity in attention and autoregressive generation, as well as the constantly growing key value (KV) cache…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Zhonghua Jiang , Kunxi Li , Yiyun Zhou , Sihao Liu , Zhaode Wang , Chengfei lv , Shengyu Zhang

Transformer decoders have achieved strong results across tasks, but the memory required for the KV cache becomes prohibitive at long sequence lengths. Although Cross-layer KV Cache sharing (e.g., YOCO, CLA) offers a path to mitigate KV…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Hongzhan Lin , Zhiqi Bai , Xinmiao Zhang , Sen Yang , Xiang Li , Siran Yang , Yunlong Xu , Jiaheng Liu , Yongchi Zhao , Jiamang Wang , Yuchi Xu , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) rely on key-value (KV) caching to avoid redundant computation during autoregressive inference. While this mechanism greatly improves efficiency, the cache size grows linearly with the input…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Jinwoo Ahn , Ingyu Seong , Akhil Kedia , Junhan Kim , Hyemi Jang , Kangwook Lee , Yongkweon Jeon

Language models (LMs) underpin emerging mobile and embedded AI applications like meeting and video summarization and document analysis, which often require processing multiple long-context inputs. Running an LM locally on-device improves…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Huawei Zhang , Chunwei Xia , Zheng Wang

Key-Value (KV) cache has become a de facto component of modern Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) for inference. While it enhances decoding efficiency in Large Language Models (LLMs), its direct adoption in LVLMs introduces substantial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Xihao Chen , Yangyang Guo , Roger Zimmermann

The key-value (KV) cache accelerates LLMs decoding by storing KV tensors from previously generated tokens. It reduces redundant computation at the cost of increased memory usage. To mitigate this overhead, existing approaches compress KV…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Hao Wang , Ligong Han , Kai Xu , Akash Srivastava

Efficiently serving Large Language Models (LLMs) with persistent Prefix Key-Value (KV) Cache is critical for applications like conversational search and multi-turn dialogue. Serving a request requires loading the pre-computed prefix KV…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Jing Zou , Shangyu Wu , Hancong Duan , Qiao Li , Chun Jason Xue

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance, the demand for higher quality and faster processing of long contexts across various applications is growing. KV cache is widely adopted as it stores previously generated key and value…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Yingxin Li , Ye Li , Yuan Meng , Xinzhu Ma , Zihan Geng , Shutao Xia , Zhi Wang

KV caches, typically used only to speed up autoregressive decoding, encode contextual information that can be reused for downstream tasks at no extra cost. We propose treating the KV cache as a lightweight representation, eliminating the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Zeyu Xing , Xing Li , Hui-Ling Zhen , Mingxuan Yuan , Sinno Jialin Pan

Memory-augmented Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capability for complex and long-horizon embodied planning. By keeping track of past experiences and environmental states, memory enables LLMs to maintain a global…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Zebin Yang , Tong Xie , Baotong Lu , Shaoshan Liu , Bo Yu , Meng Li

Autoregressive decoding in large language models (LLMs) requires caching a growing list of past key-value (KV) pairs, making long-context inference a memory-bound problem. While recent methods have explored quantizing the cache, evicting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Harshil Vejendla

Large language models (LLMs) can now handle longer sequences of tokens, enabling complex tasks like book understanding and generating lengthy novels. However, the key-value (KV) cache required for LLMs consumes substantial memory as context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Haojie Duanmu , Zhihang Yuan , Xiuhong Li , Jiangfei Duan , Xingcheng Zhang , Dahua Lin

Large Language Model (LLM) inference is increasingly constrained by memory bandwidth, with frequent access to the key-value (KV) cache dominating data movement. While attention sparsity reduces some memory traffic, the relevance of past…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Yunhua Fang , Rui Xie , Asad Ul Haq , Linsen Ma , Kaoutar El Maghraoui , Naigang Wang , Meng Wang , Liu Liu , Tong Zhang

Deploying a large language model (LLM) inference service remains costly because centralized serving depends on specialized GPU clusters and high-bandwidth interconnects in datacenters. An appealing alternative is to leverage collaborative…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Chris Tong , Youhe Jiang , Gufeng Chen , Tianyi Zhao , Sibian Lu , Wenjie Qu , Eric Yang , Lynn Ai , Binhang Yuan

Cloud key-value (KV) stores provide businesses with a cost-effective and adaptive alternative to traditional on-premise data management solutions. KV stores frequently consist of heterogeneous clusters, characterized by varying hardware…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Alireza Heidari , Amirhossein Ahmadi , Zefeng Zhi , Wei Zhang

Large language model (LLM) based agentic workflows have become a popular paradigm for coordinating multiple specialized agents to solve complex tasks. To improve serving efficiency, existing LLM systems employ prefix caching to reuse…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Zaifeng Pan , Ajjkumar Patel , Zhengding Hu , Yipeng Shen , Yue Guan , Wan-Lu Li , Lianhui Qin , Yida Wang , Yufei Ding