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There has been some recent interest in detecting and addressing memorization of training data by deep neural networks. A formal framework for memorization in generative models, called "data-copying," was proposed by Meehan et. al. (2020).…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Robi Bhattacharjee , Sanjoy Dasgupta , Kamalika Chaudhuri

The impressive generalization performance of modern neural networks is attributed in part to their ability to implicitly memorize complex training patterns. Inspired by this, we explore a novel mechanism to improve model generalization via…

Large-scale deep learning models are known to memorize parts of the training set. In machine learning theory, memorization is often framed as interpolation or label fitting, and classical results show that this can be achieved when the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Leonardo Iurada , Simone Bombari , Tatiana Tommasi , Marco Mondelli

Pretrained large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing (NLP) tasks such as summarization, question answering, and translation. However, LLMs pose significant security risks due to their tendency to memorize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Zhepeng Wang , Runxue Bao , Yawen Wu , Jackson Taylor , Cao Xiao , Feng Zheng , Weiwen Jiang , Shangqian Gao , Yanfu Zhang

In the rapidly evolving landscape of artificial intelligence, generative models such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and Diffusion Models have become cornerstone technologies, driving innovation in diverse fields from art creation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Jack He , Jianxing Zhao , Andrew Bai , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Autoregressive language models (ARMs) have been shown to memorize and occasionally reproduce training data verbatim, raising concerns about privacy and copyright liability. Diffusion language models (DLMs) have recently emerged as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Xiaoyu Luo , Wenrui Yu , Qiongxiu Li , Johannes Bjerva

Visual Generative AI models have demonstrated remarkable capability in generating high-quality images from user inputs like text prompts. However, because these models have billions of parameters, they risk memorizing certain parts of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Lena Reissinger , Yuanyuan Li , Anna-Carolina Haensch , Neeraj Sarna

While recent research increasingly showcases the remarkable capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), it is equally crucial to examine their associated risks. Among these, privacy and security vulnerabilities are particularly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Ali Satvaty , Suzan Verberne , Fatih Turkmen

The recent proliferation of large-scale text-to-image models has led to growing concerns that such models may be misused to generate harmful, misleading, and inappropriate content. Motivated by this issue, we derive a technique inspired by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Alvin Heng , Harold Soh

Deep Learning (DL) powered by Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) has revolutionized various domains, yet understanding the intricacies of DNN decision-making and learning processes remains a significant challenge. Recent investigations have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Jiaheng Wei , Yanjun Zhang , Leo Yu Zhang , Ming Ding , Chao Chen , Kok-Leong Ong , Jun Zhang , Yang Xiang

Can we localize the weights and mechanisms used by a language model to memorize and recite entire paragraphs of its training data? In this paper, we show that while memorization is spread across multiple layers and model components,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Niklas Stoehr , Mitchell Gordon , Chiyuan Zhang , Owen Lewis

Large language models (LLMs) are susceptible to memorizing training data, raising concerns about the potential extraction of sensitive information at generation time. Discoverable extraction is the most common method for measuring this…

Deep Neural Networks can generalize despite being significantly overparametrized. Recent research has tried to examine this phenomenon from various view points and to provide bounds on the generalization error or measures predictive of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Parth Natekar , Manik Sharma

Multimodal learning is a framework for building models that make predictions based on different types of modalities. Important challenges in multimodal learning are the inference of shared representations from arbitrary modalities and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Masahiro Suzuki , Yutaka Matsuo

Large language models (LLMs) have been proven capable of memorizing their training data, which can be extracted through specifically designed prompts. As the scale of datasets continues to grow, privacy risks arising from memorization have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Zhenhong Zhou , Jiuyang Xiang , Chaomeng Chen , Sen Su

In high dimensional settings, density estimation algorithms rely crucially on their inductive bias. Despite recent empirical success, the inductive bias of deep generative models is not well understood. In this paper we propose a framework…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-09 Shengjia Zhao , Hongyu Ren , Arianna Yuan , Jiaming Song , Noah Goodman , Stefano Ermon

As deep generative models have progressed, recent work has shown them to be capable of memorizing and reproducing training datapoints when deployed. These findings call into question the usability of generative models, especially in light…

Continual learning seeks to enable machine learning systems to solve an increasing corpus of tasks sequentially. A critical challenge for continual learning is forgetting, where the performance on previously learned tasks decreases as new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Yasaman Mahdaviyeh , James Lucas , Mengye Ren , Andreas S. Tolias , Richard Zemel , Toniann Pitassi

State-of-the-art pre-trained language models have been shown to memorise facts and perform well with limited amounts of training data. To gain a better understanding of how these models learn, we study their generalisation and memorisation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Michael Tänzer , Sebastian Ruder , Marek Rei

Overparameterized deep networks that generalize well have been key to the dramatic success of deep learning in recent years. The reasons for their remarkable ability to generalize are not well understood yet. When class labels in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Simran Ketha , Venkatakrishnan Ramaswamy