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For solving zero-sum games involving non-transitivity, a useful approach is to maintain a policy population to approximate the Nash Equilibrium (NE). Previous studies have shown that the Policy Space Response Oracles (PSRO) algorithm is an…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Jiesong Lian , Yucong Huang , Chengdong Ma , Mingzhi Wang , Ying Wen , Long Hu , Yixue Hao

Instability and slowness are two main problems in deep reinforcement learning. Even if proximal policy optimization (PPO) is the state of the art, it still suffers from these two problems. We introduce an improved algorithm based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-01 Zhenyu Zhang , Xiangfeng Luo , Tong Liu , Shaorong Xie , Jianshu Wang , Wei Wang , Yang Li , Yan Peng

Self-play (SP) is a popular multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) framework for solving competitive games, where each agent optimizes policy by treating others as part of the environment. Despite the empirical successes, the theoretical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Zelai Xu , Yancheng Liang , Chao Yu , Yu Wang , Yi Wu

In this paper, we present a deep reinforcement learning (RL) framework for iterative dialog policy optimization in end-to-end task-oriented dialog systems. Popular approaches in learning dialog policy with RL include letting a dialog agent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-20 Bing Liu , Ian Lane

Making sophisticated, robust, and safe sequential decisions is at the heart of intelligent systems. This is especially critical for planning in complex multi-agent environments, where agents need to anticipate other agents' intentions and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-01-29 Yichuan Charlie Tang

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is a paradigm of artificial intelligence where an agent uses a neural network to learn which actions to take in a given environment. DRL has recently gained traction from being able to solve complex…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Rajdeep Singh Hundal , Yan Xiao , Xiaochun Cao , Jin Song Dong , Manuel Rigger

We investigate the challenge of multi-agent deep reinforcement learning in partially competitive environments, where traditional methods struggle to foster reciprocity-based cooperation. LOLA and POLA agents learn reciprocity-based…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Milad Aghajohari , Tim Cooijmans , Juan Agustin Duque , Shunichi Akatsuka , Aaron Courville

The deployment of multi-agent systems in dynamic, adversarial environments like robotic soccer necessitates real-time decision-making, sophisticated cooperation, and scalable algorithms to avoid the curse of dimensionality. While…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Aya Taourirte , Md Sohag Mia

Large-scale heterogeneous multiagent systems feature various realistic factors in the real world, such as agents with diverse abilities and overall system cost. In comparison to homogeneous systems, heterogeneous systems offer significant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Qingxu Fu , Zhiqiang Pu , Min Chen , Tenghai Qiu , Jianqiang Yi

In Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), accurately perceiving opponents' strategies is essential for both cooperative and adversarial contexts, particularly within dynamic environments. While Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Mohidul Haque Mridul , Mohammad Foysal Khan , Redwan Ahmed Rizvee , Md Mosaddek Khan

Policy Space Response Oracle (PSRO) with policy population construction has been demonstrated as an effective method for approximating Nash Equilibrium (NE) in zero-sum games. Existing studies have attempted to improve diversity in policy…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Yucong Huang , Jiesong Lian , Mingzhi Wang , Chengdong Ma , Ying Wen

Game-based decision-making involves reasoning over both world dynamics and strategic interactions among the agents. Typically, empirical models capturing these respective aspects are learned and used separately. We investigate the potential…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Max Olan Smith , Michael P. Wellman

In iterative approaches to empirical game-theoretic analysis (EGTA), the strategy space is expanded incrementally based on analysis of intermediate game models. A common approach to strategy exploration, represented by the double oracle…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Yongzhao Wang , Michael P. Wellman

Reinforcement learning (RL) is already widely applied to applications such as robotics, but it is only sparsely used in sensor management. In this paper, we apply the popular Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) approach to a multi-agent UAV…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-10-21 André Brandenburger , Folker Hoffmann , Alexander Charlish

In complex reinforcement learning (RL) problems, policies with similar rewards may have substantially different behaviors. It remains a fundamental challenge to optimize rewards while also discovering as many diverse strategies as possible,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Wei Fu , Weihua Du , Jingwei Li , Sunli Chen , Jingzhao Zhang , Yi Wu

Optimizing the fuel cycle cost through the optimization of nuclear reactor core loading patterns involves multiple objectives and constraints, leading to a vast number of candidate solutions that cannot be explicitly solved. To advance the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Paul Seurin , Koroush Shirvan

Adversarial optimization algorithms that explicitly search for flaws in agents' policies have been successfully applied to finding robust and diverse policies in multi-agent settings. However, the success of adversarial optimization has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Niklas Lauffer , Ameesh Shah , Micah Carroll , Sanjit A. Seshia , Stuart Russell , Michael Dennis

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) is a challenging setting where existing off-policy actor-critic methods perform poorly due to the overestimation of out-of-distribution state-action pairs. Thus, various additional augmentations are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Zifeng Zhuang , Kun Lei , Jinxin Liu , Donglin Wang , Yilang Guo

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents are vulnerable to adversarial disturbances, which can deteriorate task performance or compromise safety specifications. Existing methods either address safety requirements under the assumption of no…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Zeyang Li , Chuxiong Hu , Yunan Wang , Yujie Yang , Shengbo Eben Li

Multi-objective reinforcement learning (MORL) is used to solve problems involving multiple objectives. An MORL agent must make decisions based on the diverse signals provided by distinct reward functions. Training an MORL agent yields a set…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Zuzanna Osika , Jazmin Zatarain-Salazar , Frans A. Oliehoek , Pradeep K. Murukannaiah