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Extreme multi-label text classification (XMTC) is an important problem in the era of big data, for tagging a given text with the most relevant multiple labels from an extremely large-scale label set. XMTC can be found in many applications,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Ronghui You , Zihan Zhang , Ziye Wang , Suyang Dai , Hiroshi Mamitsuka , Shanfeng Zhu

This paper focuses on the task of Extreme Multi-Label Classification (XMC) whose goal is to predict multiple labels for each instance from an extremely large label space. While existing research has primarily focused on fully supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Yaxin Zhu , Hamed Zamani

Deep extreme classification (XC) seeks to train deep architectures that can tag a data point with its most relevant subset of labels from an extremely large label set. The core utility of XC comes from predicting labels that are rarely seen…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Anshul Mittal , Noveen Sachdeva , Sheshansh Agrawal , Sumeet Agarwal , Purushottam Kar , Manik Varma

The goal in extreme multi-label classification is to learn a classifier which can assign a small subset of relevant labels to an instance from an extremely large set of target labels. Datasets in extreme classification exhibit a long tail…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-06 Rohit Babbar , Bernhard Schölkopf

For extreme multi-label classification (XMC), existing classification-based models poorly perform for tail labels and often ignore the semantic relations among labels, like treating "Wikipedia" and "Wiki" as independent and separate labels.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Taehee Jung , Joo-Kyung Kim , Sungjin Lee , Dongyeop Kang

Extreme multi-label learning (XML) or classification has been a practical and important problem since the boom of big data. The main challenge lies in the exponential label space which involves $2^L$ possible label sets especially when the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-11 Wenjie Zhang , Junchi Yan , Xiangfeng Wang , Hongyuan Zha

The goal in extreme multi-label classification (XMC) is to tag an instance with a small subset of relevant labels from an extremely large set of possible labels. In addition to the computational burden arising from large number of training…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-02 Erik Schultheis , Mohammadreza Qaraei , Priyanshu Gupta , Rohit Babbar

Classifier chains is a key technique in multi-label classification, since it allows to consider label dependencies effectively. However, the classifiers are aligned according to a static order of the labels. In the concept of dynamic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Bohlender , Simon , Loza Mencia , Eneldo , Kulessa , Moritz

The extreme multi-label classification (XMC) task aims at tagging content with a subset of labels from an extremely large label set. The label vocabulary is typically defined in advance by domain experts and assumed to capture all necessary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-13 Daniel Simig , Fabio Petroni , Pouya Yanki , Kashyap Popat , Christina Du , Sebastian Riedel , Majid Yazdani

Extreme multi-label (XML) classification refers to the task of supervised multi-label learning that involves a large number of labels. Hence, scalability of the classifier with increasing label dimension is an important consideration. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Istasis Mishra , Arpan Dasgupta , Pratik Jawanpuria , Bamdev Mishra , Pawan Kumar

Extreme multi-label classification or XMLC, is an active area of interest in machine learning. Compared to traditional multi-label classification, here the number of labels is extremely large, hence, the name extreme multi-label…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Arpan Dasgupta , Preeti Lamba , Ankita Kushwaha , Kiran Ravish , Siddhant Katyan , Shrutimoy Das , Pawan Kumar

Large output spaces, also referred to as Extreme multilabel classification (XMC), is a setting that arises, e.g., in large-scale tagging and product-to-product recommendation, and is characterized by the number of labels ranging from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jinbin Zhang , Nasib Ullah , Erik Schultheis , Rohit Babbar

In this paper a high speed neural network classifier based on extreme learning machines for multi-label classification problem is proposed and dis-cussed. Multi-label classification is a superset of traditional binary and multi-class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-09-06 Meng Joo Er , Rajasekar Venkatesan , Ning Wang

To mitigate the burden of data labeling, we aim at improving data efficiency for both classification and regression setups in deep learning. However, the current focus is on classification problems while rare attention has been paid to deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Ximei Wang , Xinyang Chen , Jianmin Wang , Mingsheng Long

Partition-based methods are increasingly-used in extreme multi-label classification (XMC) problems due to their scalability to large output spaces (e.g., millions or more). However, existing methods partition the large label space into…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-25 Xuanqing Liu , Wei-Cheng Chang , Hsiang-Fu Yu , Cho-Jui Hsieh , Inderjit S. Dhillon

Scalability and accuracy are well recognized challenges in deep extreme multi-label learning where the objective is to train architectures for automatically annotating a data point with the most relevant subset of labels from an extremely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-15 Kunal Dahiya , Deepak Saini , Anshul Mittal , Ankush Shaw , Kushal Dave , Akshay Soni , Himanshu Jain , Sumeet Agarwal , Manik Varma

Extreme Multi-label Text Classification (XMTC) has been a tough challenge in machine learning research and applications due to the sheer sizes of the label spaces and the severe data scarce problem associated with the long tail of rare…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Ruohong Zhang , Yau-Shian Wang , Yiming Yang , Donghan Yu , Tom Vu , Likun Lei

Extreme Multi-label classification (XML) is an important yet challenging machine learning task, that assigns to each instance its most relevant candidate labels from an extremely large label collection, where the numbers of labels, features…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-15 Bingyu Wang , Li Chen , Wei Sun , Kechen Qin , Kefeng Li , Hui Zhou

Multi-label classification is a type of supervised machine learning that can simultaneously assign multiple labels to an instance. To solve this task, some methods divide the original problem into several sub-problems (local approach),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Elaine Cecília Gatto , Felipe Nakano Kenji , Jesse Read , Mauri Ferrandin , Ricardo Cerri , Celine Vens

Extreme multi-label classification (XML) is becoming increasingly relevant in the era of big data. Yet, there is no method for effectively generating stratified partitions of XML datasets. Instead, researchers typically rely on provided…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Maximillian Merrillees , Lan Du