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One of the most widely used techniques for data clustering is agglomerative clustering. Such algorithms have been long used across many different fields ranging from computational biology to social sciences to computer vision in part…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-07-15 Maria-Florina Balcan , Yingyu Liang , Pramod Gupta

Fairness in algorithmic decision-making is often framed in terms of individual fairness, which requires that similar individuals receive similar outcomes. A system violates individual fairness if there exists a pair of inputs differing only…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Ranit Debnath Akash , Ashish Kumar , Verya Monjezi , Ashutosh Trivedi , Gang , Tan , Saeid Tizpaz-Niari

Fairness of decision-making algorithms is an increasingly important issue. In this paper, we focus on spectral clustering with group fairness constraints, where every demographic group is represented in each cluster proportionally as in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Francesco Tonin , Alex Lambert , Johan A. K. Suykens , Volkan Cevher

Deep clustering has the potential to learn a strong representation and hence better clustering performance compared to traditional clustering methods such as $k$-means and spectral clustering. However, this strong representation learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Hongjing Zhang , Ian Davidson

The remarkable attention which fair clustering has received in the last few years has resulted in a significant number of different notions of fairness. Despite the fact that these notions are well-justified, they are often motivated and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-01 John Dickerson , Seyed A. Esmaeili , Jamie Morgenstern , Claire Jie Zhang

Due to the growing concern about unsavory behaviors of machine learning models toward certain demographic groups, the notion of 'fairness' has recently drawn much attention from the community, thereby motivating the study of fairness in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Minh Phu Vuong , Young-Ju Lee , Iván Ojeda-Ruiz , Chul-Ho Lee

Research in fair machine learning, and particularly clustering, has been crucial in recent years given the many ethical controversies that modern intelligent systems have posed. Ahmadian et al. [2020] established the study of fairness in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Marina Knittel , Max Springer , John Dickerson , MohammadTaghi Hajiaghayi

The goal of data clustering is to partition data points into groups to minimize a given objective function. While most existing clustering algorithms treat each data point as vector, in many applications each datum is not a vector but a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-03-16 Dinh Phung , Ba-Ngu Bo

Fair clustering is crucial for mitigating bias in unsupervised learning, yet existing algorithms often suffer from quadratic or super-quadratic computational complexity, rendering them impractical for large-scale datasets. To bridge this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Shengfei Wei , Suyuan Liu , Jun Wang , Ke Liang , Miaomiao Li , Lei Luo

In clustering problems, a central decision-maker is given a complete metric graph over vertices and must provide a clustering of vertices that minimizes some objective function. In fair clustering problems, vertices are endowed with a color…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Seyed A. Esmaeili , Brian Brubach , Leonidas Tsepenekas , John P. Dickerson

Clustering is a core task in machine learning with wide-ranging applications in data mining and pattern recognition. However, its unsupervised nature makes it inherently challenging. Many existing clustering algorithms suffer from critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Ahmed Shokry , Ayman Khalafallah

We consider the problem of deep fair clustering, which partitions data into clusters via the representations extracted by deep neural networks while hiding sensitive data attributes. To achieve fairness, existing methods present a variety…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Xiang Zhang

Fair clustering has traditionally focused on ensuring equitable group representation or equalizing group-specific clustering costs. However, Dickerson et al. (2025) recently showed that these fairness notions may yield undesirable or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Claire Jie Zhang , Seyed A. Esmaeili , Jamie Morgenstern

Mixed data comprises both numeric and categorical features, and mixed datasets occur frequently in many domains, such as health, finance, and marketing. Clustering is often applied to mixed datasets to find structures and to group similar…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-20 Amir Ahmad , Shehroz S. Khan

Clustering is one of the most common unsupervised learning tasks in machine learning and data mining. Clustering algorithms have been used in a plethora of applications across several scientific fields. However, there has been limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-02-09 Quang N. Tran , Ba-Ngu Vo , Dinh Phung , Ba-Tuong Vo

Clustering is a well-studied unsupervised learning task that aims to partition data points into a number of clusters. In many applications, these clusters correspond to real-world constructs (e.g., electoral districts, playlists, TV…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-25 Connor Lawless , Oktay Gunluk

Clustering is a fundamental building block of modern statistical analysis pipelines. Fair clustering has seen much attention from the machine learning community in recent years. We are some of the first to study fairness in the context of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Marina Knittel , Max Springer , John P. Dickerson , MohammadTaghi Hajiaghayi

Data analysis plays an indispensable role for value creation in industry. Cluster analysis in this context is able to explore given datasets with little or no prior knowledge and to identify unknown patterns. As (big) data complexity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Marc Wegmann , Domenique Zipperling , Jonas Hillenbrand , Jürgen Fleischer

There is no, nor will there ever be, single best clustering algorithm. Nevertheless, we would still like to be able to distinguish between methods that work well on certain task types and those that systematically underperform. Clustering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Marek Gagolewski

In recent years, there has been a surge in effort to formalize notions of fairness in machine learning. We focus on centroid clustering--one of the fundamental tasks in unsupervised machine learning. We propose a new axiom ``proportionally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Haris Aziz , Barton E. Lee , Sean Morota Chu , Jeremy Vollen