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Machine comprehension is a representative task of natural language understanding. Typically, we are given context paragraph and the objective is to answer a question that depends on the context. Such a problem requires to model the complex…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Zia Hasan , Sebastian Fischer

The Transformer architecture, underpinned by the Multi-Head Attention (MHA) mechanism, has become the de facto standard for state-of-the-art models in artificial intelligence. However, the quadratic computational complexity of MHA with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Adam Filipek

While the Transformer architecture dominates many fields, its quadratic self-attention complexity hinders its use in large-scale applications. Linear attention offers an efficient alternative, but its direct application often degrades…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Kewei Zhang , Ye Huang , Yufan Deng , Jincheng Yu , Junsong Chen , Huan Ling , Enze Xie , Daquan Zhou

Latest development of neural models has connected the encoder and decoder through a self-attention mechanism. In particular, Transformer, which is solely based on self-attention, has led to breakthroughs in Natural Language Processing (NLP)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-07 Xindian Ma , Peng Zhang , Shuai Zhang , Nan Duan , Yuexian Hou , Dawei Song , Ming Zhou

As long-context language modeling becomes increasingly important, the cost of maintaining and attending to large Key/Value (KV) caches grows rapidly, becoming a major bottleneck in both training and inference. While prior works such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Dong Liu , Yanxuan Yu , Ben Lengerich , Ying Nian Wu

Multimodal semantic learning plays a critical role in embodied intelligence, especially when robots perceive their surroundings, understand human instructions, and make intelligent decisions. However, the field faces technical challenges…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Zeyi Kang , Liang He , Yanxin Zhang , Zuheng Ming , Kaixing Zhao

Transformers have become the go-to architecture for language and vision tasks, yet their theoretical properties, especially memorization capacity, remain elusive. This paper investigates the memorization abilities of multi-head attention…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Sadegh Mahdavi , Renjie Liao , Christos Thrampoulidis

Multi-head self-attention (MHSA) is a key component of Transformers, a widely popular architecture in both language and vision. Multiple heads intuitively enable different parallel processes over the same input. Yet, they also obscure the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Pooyan Rahmanzadehgervi , Hung Huy Nguyen , Rosanne Liu , Long Mai , Anh Totti Nguyen

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) recently showed strong capacity in integrating data among multiple modalities, empowered by a generalizable attention architecture. Advanced methods predominantly focus on language-centric tuning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Zhicheng Zhang , Wuyou Xia , Chenxi Zhao , Zhou Yan , Xiaoqiang Liu , Yongjie Zhu , Wenyu Qin , Pengfei Wan , Di Zhang , Jufeng Yang

Scaling pre-trained language models has resulted in large performance gains in various natural language processing tasks but comes with a large cost in memory requirements. Inspired by the position embeddings in transformers, we aim to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Huiyin Xue , Nikolaos Aletras

The original softmax-based attention mechanism (regular attention) in the extremely successful Transformer architecture computes attention between $N$ tokens, each embedded in a $D$-dimensional head, with a time complexity of $O(N^2D)$.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Armin Gerami , Ramani Duraiswami

Multimodal learning has gained much success in recent years. However, current multimodal fusion methods adopt the attention mechanism of Transformers to implicitly learn the underlying correlation of multimodal features. As a result, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Thanh-Dat Truong , Christophe Bobda , Nitin Agarwal , Khoa Luu

Recently, pre-training multilingual language models has shown great potential in learning multilingual representation, a crucial topic of natural language processing. Prior works generally use a single mixed attention (MA) module, following…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Yinpeng Guo , Liangyou Li , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu

Aggregating multi-modality data to obtain reliable data representation attracts more and more attention. Recent studies demonstrate that Transformer models usually work well for multi-modality tasks. Existing Transformers generally either…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Xixi Wang , Xiao Wang , Bo Jiang , Jin Tang , Bin Luo

Transformers serve as the foundation of most modern large language models. To mitigate the quadratic complexity of standard full attention, various efficient attention mechanisms, such as linear and hybrid attention, have been developed. A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xiaowei Ye , Xiaoyu He , Chao Liao , Chen Wu , Pinyan Lu

The Transformer translation model is based on the multi-head attention mechanism, which can be parallelized easily. The multi-head attention network performs the scaled dot-product attention function in parallel, empowering the model by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Hongfei Xu , Qiuhui Liu , Josef van Genabith , Deyi Xiong

Modeling implicit feature interaction patterns is of significant importance to object detection tasks. However, in the two-stage detectors, due to the excessive use of hand-crafted components, it is very difficult to reason about the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Wenchao Zhang , Chong Fu , Xiangshi Chang , Tengfei Zhao , Xiang Li , Chiu-Wing Sham

Transformer plays a central role in many fundamental deep learning models, e.g., the ViT in computer vision and the BERT and GPT in natural language processing, whose effectiveness is mainly attributed to its multi-head attention (MHA)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Shen Yuan , Hongteng Xu

Transformers face quadratic complexity and memory issues with long sequences, prompting the adoption of linear attention mechanisms using fixed-size hidden states. However, linear models often suffer from limited recall performance, leading…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Dustin Wang , Rui-Jie Zhu , Steven Abreu , Yong Shan , Taylor Kergan , Yuqi Pan , Yuhong Chou , Zheng Li , Ge Zhang , Wenhao Huang , Jason Eshraghian

The Transformer architecture has significantly advanced deep learning, particularly in natural language processing, by effectively managing long-range dependencies. However, as the demand for understanding complex relationships grows,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Qian Chen , Wen Wang , Qinglin Zhang , Siqi Zheng , Shiliang Zhang , Chong Deng , Hai Yu , Jiaqing Liu , Yukun Ma , Chong Zhang