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Feature importance estimates that inform users about the degree to which given inputs influence the output of a predictive model are crucial for understanding, validating, and interpreting machine-learning models. However, providing fast…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Patrick Schwab , Walter Karlen

Machine Learning explainability techniques have been proposed as a means of `explaining' or interrogating a model in order to understand why a particular decision or prediction has been made. Such an ability is especially important at a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-28 Matthew J. Vowels

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)has received a great deal of attention recently. Explainability is being presented as a remedy for the distrust of complex and opaque models. Model agnostic methods such as LIME, SHAP, or Break Down…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-11 Alicja Gosiewska , Przemyslaw Biecek

Recent years have seen a surge of interest in the field of explainable AI (XAI), with a plethora of algorithms proposed in the literature. However, a lack of consensus on how to evaluate XAI hinders the advancement of the field. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-22 Q. Vera Liao , Yunfeng Zhang , Ronny Luss , Finale Doshi-Velez , Amit Dhurandhar

Explainable AI (XAI) aims to support appropriate human-AI reliance by increasing the interpretability of complex model decisions. Despite the proliferation of proposed methods, there is mixed evidence surrounding the effects of different…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Emma Casolin , Flora D. Salim , Ben Newell

Explainability in AI is crucial for model development, compliance with regulation, and providing operational nuance to predictions. The Shapley framework for explainability attributes a model's predictions to its input features in a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-21 Christopher Frye , Damien de Mijolla , Tom Begley , Laurence Cowton , Megan Stanley , Ilya Feige

Intelligent systems that use Machine Learning classification algorithms are increasingly common in everyday society. However, many systems use black-box models that do not have characteristics that allow for self-explanation of their…

The increasing incorporation of Artificial Intelligence in the form of automated systems into decision-making procedures highlights not only the importance of decision theory for automated systems but also the need for these decision…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-08-23 Tarek R. Besold , Sara L. Uckelman

With the rising necessity of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), we see an increase in task-dependent XAI methods on varying abstraction levels. XAI techniques on a global level explain model behavior and on a local level explain…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Udo Schlegel , Daniela Oelke , Daniel A. Keim , Mennatallah El-Assady

Interpretable machine learning offers insights into what factors drive a certain prediction of a black-box system. A large number of interpreting methods focus on identifying explanatory input features, which generally fall into two main…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Vy Vo , Van Nguyen , Trung Le , Quan Hung Tran , Gholamreza Haffari , Seyit Camtepe , Dinh Phung

Research into the explanation of machine learning models, i.e., explainable AI (XAI), has seen a commensurate exponential growth alongside deep artificial neural networks throughout the past decade. For historical reasons, explanation and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Brittany Davis , Maria Glenski , William Sealy , Dustin Arendt

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to provide transparent insights into machine learning models, yet the reliability of many feature attribution methods remains a critical challenge. Prior research (Haufe et al., 2014; Wilming…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Benedict Clark , Stoyan Karastoyanov , Rick Wilming , Stefan Haufe

Understanding the decisions made and actions taken by increasingly complex AI system remains a key challenge. This has led to an expanding field of research in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), highlighting the potential of…

Counterfactual explanations are widely used to interpret machine learning predictions by identifying minimal changes to input features that would alter a model's decision. However, most existing counterfactual methods have not been tested…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Leonidas Christodoulou , Chang Sun

This paper contributes with a pragmatic evaluation framework for explainable Machine Learning (ML) models for clinical decision support. The study revealed a more nuanced role for ML explanation models, when these are pragmatically embedded…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Oskar Wysocki , Jessica Katharine Davies , Markel Vigo , Anne Caroline Armstrong , Dónal Landers , Rebecca Lee , André Freitas

Predicting default is essential for banks to ensure profitability and financial stability. While modern machine learning methods often outperform traditional regression techniques, their lack of transparency limits their use in regulated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Sagi Schwartz , Qinling Wang , Fang Fang

Counterfactual explanations have emerged as a prominent method in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), providing intuitive and actionable insights into Machine Learning model decisions. In contrast to other traditional feature…

In the last years, XAI research has mainly been concerned with developing new technical approaches to explain deep learning models. Just recent research has started to acknowledge the need to tailor explanations to different contexts and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-10-11 Bettina Finzel , David E. Tafler , Stephan Scheele , Ute Schmid

Identification of input data points relevant for the classifier (i.e. serve as the support vector) has recently spurred the interest of researchers for both interpretability as well as dataset debugging. This paper presents an in-depth…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-30 Dominique Mercier , Shoaib Ahmed Siddiqui , Andreas Dengel , Sheraz Ahmed

Shapley values are extensively used in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) as a framework to explain predictions made by complex machine learning (ML) models. In this work, we focus on conditional Shapley values for predictive models…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-12-07 Lars Henry Berge Olsen