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Learning to rank with biased click data is a well-known challenge. A variety of methods has been explored to debias click data for learning to rank such as click models, result interleaving and, more recently, the unbiased learning-to-rank…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-04-25 Qingyao Ai , Keping Bi , Cheng Luo , Jiafeng Guo , W. Bruce Croft

Proximal causal learning is a promising framework for identifying the causal effect under the existence of unmeasured confounders. Within this framework, the doubly robust (DR) estimator was derived and has shown its effectiveness in…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-12 Yong Wu , Yanwei Fu , Shouyan Wang , Xinwei Sun

In online advertising, conventional post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation models are trained using clicked samples. However, during online serving the models need to estimate for all impression ads, leading to the sample selection…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Zixuan Xu , Penghui Wei , Weimin Zhang , Shaoguo Liu , Liang Wang , Bo Zheng

The click-through rate (CTR) reflects the ratio of clicks on a specific item to its total number of views. It has significant impact on websites' advertising revenue. Learning sophisticated models to understand and predict user behavior is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-29 Amit Livne , Roy Dor , Eyal Mazuz , Tamar Didi , Bracha Shapira , Lior Rokach

Doubly robust (DR) estimators guard against model misspecification but remain sensitive to weak covariate overlap. We show that trimming propensity scores reduces variance but eliminates double robustness. We introduce DR estimators that…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-04-17 Yukun Ma , Pedro H. C. Sant'Anna , Yuya Sasaki , Takuya Ura

Due to concerns about parametric model misspecification, there is interest in using machine learning to adjust for confounding when evaluating the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome. Unfortunately, exposure effect estimators that…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-08 Oliver Dukes , Stijn Vansteelandt , David Whitney

We study the problem of off-policy evaluation (OPE) in reinforcement learning (RL), where the goal is to estimate the performance of a policy from the data generated by another policy(ies). In particular, we focus on the doubly robust (DR)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-25 Mehrdad Farajtabar , Yinlam Chow , Mohammad Ghavamzadeh

Click-Through Rate prediction (CTR) is a crucial task in recommender systems, and it gained considerable attention in the past few years. The primary purpose of recent research emphasizes obtaining meaningful and powerful representations…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Shereen Elsayed , Lars Schmidt-Thieme

Doubly robust (DR) estimation is a crucial technique in causal inference and missing data problems. We propose a novel Propensity score Augmentved Doubly robust (PAD) estimator to enhance the commonly used DR estimator for average treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-18 Liangbo Lyu , Molei Liu

In observational studies, adjusting for confounders is required if a treatment comparison is planned. A crude comparison of the primary endpoint without covariate adjustment will suffer from biases, and the addition of regression models…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-11 Shiyu Shu , Toshimitsu Hamasaki , Scott Evans , Lauren Komarow , David van Duin , Guoqing Diao

Post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is a fundamental task in developing effective recommender systems, yet it faces challenges from data sparsity and sample selection bias. To handle both challenges, the entire space multitask…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Hao Wang , Zhichao Chen , Zhaoran Liu , Haozhe Li , Degui Yang , Xinggao Liu , Haoxuan Li

Accurately predicting conversion rate (CVR) is essential in various recommendation domains such as online advertising systems and e-commerce. These systems utilize user interaction logs, which consist of exposures, clicks, and conversions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Junhyung Ahn , Sanghack Lee

Implicit feedback (e.g., clicks, dwell times, etc.) is an abundant source of data in human-interactive systems. While implicit feedback has many advantages (e.g., it is inexpensive to collect, user centric, and timely), its inherent biases…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2016-08-17 Thorsten Joachims , Adith Swaminathan , Tobias Schnabel

Consider a scenario where we have access to train data with both covariates and outcomes while test data only contains covariates. In this scenario, our primary aim is to predict the missing outcomes of the test data. With this objective in…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-29 Masahiro Kato , Kota Matsui , Ryo Inokuchi

Doubly robust estimators with cross-fitting have gained popularity in causal inference due to their favorable structure-agnostic error guarantees. However, when additional structure, such as H\"{o}lder smoothness, is available then more…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-05-08 Alec McClean , Sivaraman Balakrishnan , Edward H. Kennedy , Larry Wasserman

Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction plays a core role in recommender systems, serving as the final-stage filter to rank items for a user. The key to addressing the CTR task is learning feature interactions that are useful for prediction,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Yang Zhang , Tianhao Shi , Fuli Feng , Wenjie Wang , Dingxian Wang , Xiangnan He , Yongdong Zhang

Determining causal effects of interventions onto outcomes from real-world, observational (non-randomized) data, e.g., treatment repurposing using electronic health records, is challenging due to underlying bias. Causal deep learning has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Shantanu Ghosh , Zheng Feng , Jiang Bian , Kevin Butler , Mattia Prosperi

Extracting query-document relevance from the sparse, biased clickthrough log is among the most fundamental tasks in the web search system. Prior art mainly learns a relevance judgment model with semantic features of the query and document…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Lixin Zou , Changying Hao , Hengyi Cai , Suqi Cheng , Shuaiqiang Wang , Wenwen Ye , Zhicong Cheng , Simiu Gu , Dawei Yin

Cross domain recommender system constitutes a powerful method to tackle the cold-start and sparsity problem by aggregating and transferring user preferences across multiple category domains. Therefore, it has great potential to improve…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Pan Li , Zhichao Jiang , Maofei Que , Yao Hu , Alexander Tuzhilin

Unbiased Learning to Rank (ULTR) that learns to rank documents with biased user feedback data is a well-known challenge in information retrieval. Existing methods in unbiased learning to rank typically rely on click modeling or inverse…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Dan Luo , Lixin Zou , Qingyao Ai , Zhiyu Chen , Dawei Yin , Brian D. Davison