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Context parallelism (CP) has been widely adopted to support the growing context length in foundation model pretraining. However, existing designs fail to handle the large variation in sequence length from training datasets, resulting in…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yilong Zhao , Xiaonan Nie , Kan Zhu , Shuang Ma , Zhichao Lai , Hongxiang Hao , Yang Zhou , Baris Kasikci , Ion Stoica

Graph foundation models have demonstrated remarkable adaptability across diverse downstream tasks through large-scale pretraining on graphs. However, existing implementations of the backbone model, graph transformers, are typically limited…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jun-Liang Lin , Kamesh Madduri , Mahmut Taylan Kandemir

As the demand for processing extended textual data grows, the ability to handle long-range dependencies and maintain computational efficiency is more critical than ever. One of the key issues for long-sequence modeling using attention-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Aosong Feng , Rex Ying , Leandros Tassiulas

Transformers have shown dominant performance across a range of domains including language and vision. However, their computational cost grows quadratically with the sequence length, making their usage prohibitive for resource-constrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Yinghan Long , Sayeed Shafayet Chowdhury , Kaushik Roy

Deep autoregressive sequence-to-sequence models have demonstrated impressive performance across a wide variety of tasks in recent years. While common architecture classes such as recurrent, convolutional, and self-attention networks make…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-09 Mitchell Stern , Noam Shazeer , Jakob Uszkoreit

Scaling sequence length has become a critical demand in the era of large language models. However, existing methods struggle with either computational complexity or model expressivity, rendering the maximum sequence length restricted. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Jiayu Ding , Shuming Ma , Li Dong , Xingxing Zhang , Shaohan Huang , Wenhui Wang , Nanning Zheng , Furu Wei

We argue that neither transformers nor sub-quadratic architectures are well suited to training at long sequence lengths: the cost of processing the context is too expensive in the former, too inexpensive in the latter. Approaches such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Carles Gelada , Jacob Buckman , Sean Zhang , Txus Bach

Accommodating long sequences efficiently in autoregressive Transformers, especially within an extended context window, poses significant challenges due to the quadratic computational complexity and substantial KV memory requirements…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Chao Lou , Zixia Jia , Zilong Zheng , Kewei Tu

We propose Sparse Sinkhorn Attention, a new efficient and sparse method for learning to attend. Our method is based on differentiable sorting of internal representations. Concretely, we introduce a meta sorting network that learns to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-27 Yi Tay , Dara Bahri , Liu Yang , Donald Metzler , Da-Cheng Juan

In this work we propose an accelerated stochastic learning system for very large-scale applications. Acceleration is achieved by mapping the training algorithm onto massively parallel processors: we demonstrate a parallel, asynchronous GPU…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-02-24 Thomas Parnell , Celestine Dünner , Kubilay Atasu , Manolis Sifalakis , Haris Pozidis

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are widely used to model sequential data but their non-linear dependencies between sequence elements prevent parallelizing training over sequence length. We show the training of RNNs with only linear…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-02-23 Eric Martin , Chris Cundy

Diffusion Transformers (DiTs) have gained increasing adoption in high-quality image and video generation. As demand for higher-resolution images and longer videos increases, single-GPU inference becomes inefficient due to increased latency…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jiacheng Yang , Jun Wu , Yaoyao Ding , Zhiying Xu , Yida Wang , Gennady Pekhimenko

With the increasing volumes of Large Language Models (LLMs) and the expanding context lengths, attention computation has become a key performance bottleneck in LLM serving. For fast attention computation, recent practices often parallelize…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Di Liu , Yifei Liu , Chen Chen , Zhibin Yu , Xiaoyi Fan , Quan Chen , Minyi Guo

Diffusion Transformers have demonstrated remarkable performance in video generation. However, their long input sequences incur substantial latency due to the quadratic complexity of full attention. Various sparse attention mechanisms have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Tongcheng Fang , Hanling Zhang , Ruiqi Xie , Zhuo Han , Xin Tao , Tianchen Zhao , Pengfei Wan , Wenbo Ding , Wanli Ouyang , Xuefei Ning , Yu Wang

Softmax Attention has a quadratic time complexity in sequence length, which becomes prohibitive to run at long contexts, even with highly optimized GPU kernels. For example, FlashAttention-2/3 (exact, GPU-optimized implementations of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Sahil Joshi , Agniva Chowdhury , Amar Kanakamedala , Ekam Singh , Evan Tu , Anshumali Shrivastava

Diffusion Transformers (DiTs) have shown remarkable performance in generating high-quality videos. However, the quadratic complexity of 3D full attention remains a bottleneck in scaling DiT training, especially with high-definition, lengthy…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Xin Tan , Yuetao Chen , Yimin Jiang , Xing Chen , Kun Yan , Nan Duan , Yibo Zhu , Daxin Jiang , Hong Xu

Deep learning models trained on large data sets have been widely successful in both vision and language domains. As state-of-the-art deep learning architectures have continued to grow in parameter count so have the compute budgets and times…

The prevalent approach to sequence to sequence learning maps an input sequence to a variable length output sequence via recurrent neural networks. We introduce an architecture based entirely on convolutional neural networks. Compared to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-26 Jonas Gehring , Michael Auli , David Grangier , Denis Yarats , Yann N. Dauphin

Transformer-based models have emerged as one of the most widely used architectures for natural language processing, natural language generation, and image generation. The size of the state-of-the-art models has increased steadily reaching…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Rya Sanovar , Srikant Bharadwaj , Renee St. Amant , Victor Rühle , Saravan Rajmohan

The quadratic complexity of self-attention prevents transformers from scaling effectively to long input sequences. On the other hand, modern GPUs and other specialized hardware accelerators are well-optimized for processing small input…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Hantao Yu , Josh Alman