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The theoretically proven security of quantum key distribution (QKD) could revolutionise how information exchange is protected in the future. Several field tests of QKD have proven it to be a reliable technology for cryptographic key…

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is rapidly transitioning from cutting-edge laboratory research to real-world deployment in established communication networks. Although QKD promises future-proof security, practical challenges stil exist due…

Mobile devices have become an inseparable part of our everyday life. They are used to transmit an ever-increasing amount of sensitive health, financial and personal information. This exposes us to the growing scale and sophistication of…

Quantum key distribution (QKD), which promises secure key exchange between two remote parties, is now moving toward the realization of scalable and secure QKD networks (QNs). Fully connected, trusted node-free QNs have been realized based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-18 Wenhan Yan , Xiaodong Zheng , Wenjun Wen , Liangliang Lu , Yifeng Du , Yanqing Lu , Shining Zhu , Xiao-Song Ma

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a technology that allows secure key exchange between two distant users. A widespread adoption of QKD requires the development of simple, low-cost, and stable systems. However, implementation of the current…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-12 Di Ma , Xin Liu , Chunfeng Huang , Huasheng Chen , Huanbin Lin , Kejin Wei

Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides secure keys resistant to code-breaking quantum computers. As headed towards commercial application, it is crucial to guarantee the practical security of QKD systems. However, the difficulty of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-14 Zhengyu Li , Yi-Chen Zhang , Hong Guo

Quantum Key Exchange (QKE, also known as Quantum Key Distribution or QKD) allows communicating parties to securely establish cryptographic keys. It is a well-established fact that all QKE protocols require that the parties have access to an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-08-11 Kenneth G. Paterson , Fred Piper , Ruediger Schack

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a technology that ensures secure communication by leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics, such as the no-cloning theorem and quantum uncertainty. This chapter provides an overview of this quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Sebastian Kish , Josef Pieprzyk , Seyit Camtepe

Presently, classical optical communication systems employing strong laser pulses and quantum key distribution (QKD) systems working at single-photon levels are very different communication modalities. Dedicated devices are commonly required…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-01 Bing Qi

Ongoing technological progress is accelerating the commercial and global-scale deployment of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). Its ability to enable unconditionally secure communication is expected to be a key feature of future…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-16 Davide Scalcon , Matteo Padovan , Paolo Villoresi , Giuseppe Vallone , Marco Avesani

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a cryptographic technique that uses quantum mechanical principles to enable secure key exchange. Practical deployment of QKD requires robust, cost-effective systems that can operate in challenging field…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Rui Guan , Jingchun Yu , Zhaoyun Li , Hongbo Xie , Yuxing Wei , Sen Li , Jing Wen , Xiaodong Liang , Yanwei Li , Kejin Wei

In theory, quantum key distribution (QKD) allows secure communications between two parties based on physical laws. However, most of the security proofs of QKD today make unrealistic assumptions and neglect many relevant device…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-06 Margarida Pereira , Marcos Curty , Kiyoshi Tamaki

As quantum key distribution becomes increasingly practical, questions of how to effectively employ it in large-scale networks and over large distances becomes increasingly important. To that end, in this work, we model the performance of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-03 Omar Amer , Walter O. Krawec , Bing Wang

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a crucial component for truly secure communication, which enables to analyze leakage of information due to eavesdropper attacks. While impressive progress was made in the field of long-distance…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows secret key exchange between two users with unconditional security. For QKD to be widely deployed, low cost and compactness are crucial requirements alongside high performance. Currently, the majority of…

A feasible quantum key distribution (QKD) network scheme has been proposed with the wavelength routing. An apparatus called "quantum router", which is made up of many wavelength division multiplexers, can route the quantum signals without…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Tao Zhang , Zheng-Fu Han , Xiao-Fan Mo , Guang-Can Guo

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has often been hailed as a reliable technology for secure communication in cyber-physical microgrids. Even though unauthorized key measurements are not possible in QKD, attempts to read them can disturb…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Suman Rath , Neel Kanth Kundu , Subham Sahoo

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) stands as a revolutionary approach to secure communication, using the principles of quantum mechanics to establish unbreakable channels. Unlike traditional cryptography, which relies on the computational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-09 Alec L. Riso , Karthik Thyagarajan , Connor Whiting , Katherine Jimenez

Quantum key distribution (QKD) can provide point-to-point information-theoretic secure key services for two connected users. In fact, the development of QKD networks needs more focus from the scientific community in order to broaden the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-13 Jia-Meng Yao , Ya-Xing Wang , Qiong Li , Hao-Kun Mao , Ahmed A. Abd El-Latif , Nan Chen

The secure transfer of information is an important problem in modern telecommunications. Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides a solution to this problem by using individual quantum systems to generate correlated bits between remote…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-08-02 S. Etcheverry , G. Cañas , E. S. Gómez , W. A. T. Nogueira , C. Saavedra , G. B. Xavier , G. Lima