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Advanced Persistent Threats or APTs are big challenges to the security of government organizations or industry systems. These threats may result in stealth attacks, but if the attack is confronted before the attacker end goal has been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-12-05 Rudra Prasad Baksi , Shambhu J. Upadhyaya

Modern cyber attackers use advanced zero-day exploits, highly targeted spear phishing, and other social engineering techniques to gain access and also use evasion techniques to maintain a prolonged presence within the victim network while…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Bibek Bhattarai , H. Howie Huang

Data provenance is a valuable tool for detecting and preventing cyber attack, providing insight into the nature of suspicious events. For example, an administrator can use provenance to identify the perpetrator of a data leak, track an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-09-02 Adam Bates , Kevin Butler , Alin Dobra , Brad Reaves , Patrick Cable , Thomas Moyer , Nabil Schear

Multi-stage threats like advanced persistent threats (APT) pose severe risks by stealing data and destroying infrastructure, with detection being challenging. APTs use novel attack vectors and evade signature-based detection by obfuscating…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Florian Nelles , Abbas Yazdinejad , Ali Dehghantanha , Reza M. Parizi , Gautam Srivastava

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) present a considerable challenge to cybersecurity due to their stealthy, long-duration nature. Traditional supervised learning methods typically require large amounts of labeled data, which is often scarce…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Sidahmed Benabderrahmane , Talal Rahwan

A cyber-attack is a malicious attempt by experienced hackers to breach the target information system. Usually, the cyber-attacks are characterized as hybrid TTPs (Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures) and long-term adversarial behaviors,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Mingqi Lv , Chengyu Dong , Tieming Chen , Tiantian Zhu , Qijie Song , Yuan Fan

Host-based threats such as Program Attack, Malware Implantation, and Advanced Persistent Threats (APT), are commonly adopted by modern attackers. Recent studies propose leveraging the rich contextual information in data provenance to detect…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Su Wang , Zhiliang Wang , Tao Zhou , Xia Yin , Dongqi Han , Han Zhang , Hongbin Sun , Xingang Shi , Jiahai Yang

The development of the DRL model for malware attribution involved extensive research, iterative coding, and numerous adjustments based on the insights gathered from predecessor models and contemporary research papers. This preparatory work…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Animesh Singh Basnet , Mohamed Chahine Ghanem , Dipo Dunsin , Wiktor Sowinski-Mydlarz

In this paper, we present HOLMES, a system that implements a new approach to the detection of Advanced and Persistent Threats (APTs). HOLMES is inspired by several case studies of real-world APTs that highlight some common goals of APT…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-21 Sadegh M. Milajerdi , Rigel Gjomemo , Birhanu Eshete , R. Sekar , V. N. Venkatakrishnan

Cyber Threat hunting is a proactive search for known attack behaviors in the organizational information system. It is an important component to mitigate advanced persistent threats (APTs). However, the attack behaviors recorded in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-21 Renzheng Wei , Lijun Cai , Aimin Yu , Dan Meng

Due to its crucial role in identity and access management in modern enterprise networks, Active Directory (AD) is a top target of Advanced Persistence Threat (APT) actors. Conventional intrusion detection systems (IDS) excel at identifying…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Qi Liu , Kaibin Bao , Wajih Ul Hassan , Veit Hagenmeyer

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) represent a significant challenge in cybersecurity due to their prolonged, multi-stage nature and the sophistication of their operators. Traditional detection systems typically focus on identifying…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Alessandro Gaudenzi , Lorenzo Nodari , Lance Kaplan , Alessandra Russo , Murat Sensoy , Federico Cerutti

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a transformative paradigm that integrates smart sensors, advanced analytics, and robust connectivity within industrial processes, enabling real-time data-driven decision-making and enhancing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Erfan Ghiasvand , Suprio Ray , Shahrear Iqbal , Sajjad Dadkhah , Ali A. Ghorbani

The detection of advanced persistent threats (APTs) remains a crucial challenge due to their stealthy, multistage nature and the limited availability of realistic, labeled datasets for systematic evaluation. Synthetic dataset generation has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Saleem Ishaq Tijjani , Bogdan Ghita , Nathan Clarke , Matthew Craven

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) have created new security challenges for critical infrastructures due to their stealthy, dynamic, and adaptive natures. In this work, we aim to lay a game-theoretic foundation by establishing a multi-stage…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-09-10 Linan Huang , Quanyan Zhu

Malware allegedly developed by nation-states, also known as advanced persistent threats (APT), are becoming more common. The task of attributing an APT to a specific nation-state or classifying it to the correct APT family is challenging…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-12-04 Ishai Rosenberg , Guillaume Sicard , Eli David

As Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) grow increasingly sophisticated, the demand for effective detection methods has intensified. This study addresses the challenge of identifying APT campaign attacks through system event logs. A cascading…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Yi-Ting Huang , Ying-Ren Guo , Guo-Wei Wong , Meng Chang Chen

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) represent a sophisticated and persistent cy-bersecurity challenge, characterized by stealthy, multi-phase, and targeted attacks aimed at compromising information systems over an extended period.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Bassam Noori Shaker , Bahaa Al-Musawi , Mohammed Falih Hassan

Intrusion detection is an arms race; attackers evade intrusion detection systems by developing new attack vectors to sidestep known defense mechanisms. Provenance provides a detailed, structured history of the interactions of digital…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-06-05 Xueyuan Han , Thomas Pasquier , Margo Seltzer

In recent years numerous advanced malware, aka advanced persistent threats (APT) are allegedly developed by nation-states. The task of attributing an APT to a specific nation-state is extremely challenging for several reasons. Each…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-11-28 Ishai Rosenberg , Guillaume Sicard , Eli David