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Using a dynamical model to make predictions about a system has many sources of error. These can include errors in how the model was initialised but also errors in the dynamics of the model itself. For many applications in data assimilation,…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-07-07 P. A. Browne

Data assimilation techniques, developed in the last two decades mainly for weather prediction, produce better forecasts by taking advantage of both theoretical/numerical models and real-time observations. In this paper, we explore the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-13 Eric Bélanger , Alain Vincent , Paul Charbonneau

Shallow water equations are extensively considered in the domains of oceans, atmospheric modelling, and engineering research (Franca et al., 2022), which play significant roles in floods and tsunami governance. Nonetheless, the accurate…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2023-09-22 Ruijia Yu

Data assimilation involves estimating the state of a system by combining observations from various sources with a background estimate of the state. The weights given to the observations and background state depend on their specified error…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-03-13 Olivier Goux , Anthony Weaver , Selime Gürol , Oliver Guillet , Andrea Piacentini

Ensemble data assimilation techniques form an indispensable part of numerical weather prediction. As the ensemble size grows and model resolution increases, the amount of required storage becomes a major issue. Data compression schemes may…

The weather and climate domains are undergoing a significant transformation thanks to advances in AI-based foundation models such as FourCastNet, GraphCast, ClimaX and Pangu-Weather. While these models show considerable potential, they are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Junqi Yin , Siming Liang , Siyan Liu , Feng Bao , Hristo G. Chipilski , Dan Lu , Guannan Zhang

In this paper, the Ensemble Kalman Filter is compared with a 4DVAR Data Assimilation System in chaotic dynamics. The Lorenz model is chosen for its simplicity in structure and its dynamical similarities with primitive equation models, such…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2026-04-13 Fabrício Pereira Harter , Cleber Souza Corrêa

This paper addresses the impact of assimilating data from the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENTLN) during two cases of severe weather. Data from the ENTLN serve as a substitute for those from the upcoming launch of the GOES…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2013-06-11 Razvan Stefanescu , I. Michael Navon , Henry Fuelberg , Max Marchand

There has been a recent surge in development of accurate machine learning (ML) weather prediction models, but evaluation of these models has mainly been focused on medium-range forecasts, not their performance in cycling data assimilation…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-12-25 Laura C. Slivinski , Jeffrey S. Whitaker , Sergey Frolov , Timothy A. Smith , Niraj Agarwal

The use of machine learning (ML) models in meteorology has attracted significant attention for their potential to improve weather forecasting efficiency and accuracy. GraphCast and NeuralGCM, two promising ML-based weather models, are at…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-11-25 Xiaoxu Tian , Daniel Holdaway , Daryl Kleist

The performance of ensemble-based data assimilation techniques that estimate the state of a dynamical system from partial observations depends crucially on the prescribed uncertainty of the model dynamics and of the observations. These are…

Computation · Statistics 2021-02-24 Tadeo Javier Cocucci , Manuel Pulido , Magdalena Lucini , Pierre Tandeo

Variational data assimilation estimates the dynamical system states by minimizing a cost function that fits the numerical models with the observational data. Although four-dimensional variational assimilation (4D-Var) is widely used, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Yiming Yang , Xiaoyuan Cheng , Daniel Giles , Sibo Cheng , Yi He , Xiao Xue , Boli Chen , Yukun Hu

Dynamic downscaling typically involves using numerical weather prediction (NWP) solvers to refine coarse data to higher spatial resolutions. Data-driven models such as FourCastNet have emerged as a promising alternative to the traditional…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-03-05 Philip Dinenis , Vishwas Rao , Mihai Anitescu

Performing Data Assimilation (DA) at a low cost is of prime concern in Earth system modeling, particularly at the time of big data where huge quantities of observations are available. Capitalizing on the ability of Neural Networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-24 Mathis Peyron , Anthony Fillion , Selime Gürol , Victor Marchais , Serge Gratton , Pierre Boudier , Gael Goret

We introduce a score-filter-enhanced data assimilation framework designed to reduce predictive uncertainty in machine learning (ML) models for data-driven dynamical system forecasting. Machine learning serves as an efficient numerical model…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-03-17 Jingqiao Tang , Ryan Bausback , Feng Bao , Guannan Zhang , Phuoc-Toan Huynh

Data assimilation method consists in combining all available pieces of information about a system to obtain optimal estimates of initial states. The different sources of information are weighted according to their accuracy by the means of…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2014-04-30 Angélique Ponçot , Jean-Philippe Argaud , Bertrand Bouriquet , Patrick Erhard , Serge Gratton , Olivier Thual

Dynamical weather and climate prediction models underpin many studies of the Earth system and hold the promise of being able to make robust projections of future climate change based on physical laws. However, simulations from these models…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Peter A. G. Watson

We describe a new approach allowing for systematic causal attribution of weather and climate-related events, in near-real time. The method is purposely designed to facilitate its implementation at meteorological centers by relying on data…

A parallel-in-time algorithm based on an augmented Lagrangian approach is proposed to solve four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) data assimilation problems. The assimilation window is divided into multiple sub-intervals that allows to…

Numerical Analysis · Computer Science 2016-04-20 Vishwas Rao , Adrian Sandu

Data assimilation is uniquely challenging in weather forecasting due to the high dimensionality of the employed models and the nonlinearity of the governing equations. Although current operational schemes are used successfully, our…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2018-05-09 Lea Oljača , Jochen Bröcker , Tobias Kuna