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Current approaches for formal verification of algorithms face important limitations. For specification, they cannot express algorithms naturally and concisely, especially for algorithms with states and flexible control flow. For…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Chengxi Yang , Shushu Wu , Qinxiang Cao

Existing large language model-based code generation pipelines typically use beam search or sampling algorithms during the decoding process. Although the programs they generate achieve high token-matching-based scores, they often fail to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Shun Zhang , Zhenfang Chen , Yikang Shen , Mingyu Ding , Joshua B. Tenenbaum , Chuang Gan

Formal program specifications play a crucial role in various stages of software development. However, manually crafting formal program specifications is rather difficult, making the job time-consuming and labor-intensive. It is even more…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Lezhi Ma , Shangqing Liu , Yi Li , Xiaofei Xie , Lei Bu

We explore the application of transformer-based language models to automated theorem proving. This work is motivated by the possibility that a major limitation of automated theorem provers compared to humans -- the generation of original…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-09 Stanislas Polu , Ilya Sutskever

Generative pre-trained transformers (GPT's) are a type of large language machine learning model that are unusually adept at producing novel, and coherent, natural language. In this study the ability of GPT models to generate novel and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Elijah Pelofske , Vincent Urias , Lorie M. Liebrock

Many industrial software development processes today have to comply with security standards such as the IEC~62443-4-1. These standards, written in natural language, are ambiguous and complex to understand. This is especially true for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-05-31 Fabiola Moyón , Daniel Méndez , Kristian Beckers , Sebastian Klepper

Large Transformer models achieved the state-of-the-art status for Natural Language Understanding tasks and are increasingly becoming the baseline model architecture for modeling source code. Transformers are usually pre-trained on large…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Andrei Zlotchevski , Dawn Drain , Alexey Svyatkovskiy , Colin Clement , Neel Sundaresan , Michele Tufano

Neural network verification tools currently support only a narrow class of specifications, typically expressed as low-level constraints over raw inputs and outputs. This limitation significantly hinders their adoption and practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Yizhak Y. Elboher , Reuven Peleg , Zhouxing Shi , Guy Katz , Jan Křetínský

Automatic keyphrase labelling stands for the ability of models to retrieve words or short phrases that adequately describe documents' content. Previous work has put much effort into exploring extractive techniques to address this task;…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Jorge Gabín , M. Eduardo Ares , Javier Parapar

Molly is a program that compiles cryptographic protocol roles written in a high-level notation into straight-line programs in an intermediate-level imperative language, suitable for implementation in a conventional programming language. We…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Daniel J. Dougherty , Joshua D. Guttman

Large Language Models (LLMs) are gaining momentum in software development with prompt-driven programming enabling developers to create code from natural language (NL) instructions. However, studies have questioned their ability to produce…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Catherine Tony , Nicolás E. Díaz Ferreyra , Markus Mutas , Salem Dhiff , Riccardo Scandariato

Process modeling is usually done using imperative modeling languages like BPMN or EPCs. In order to cope with the complexity of human-centric and flexible business processes several declarative process modeling languages (DPMLs) have been…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-03-22 Lars Ackermann , Stefan Schönig , Stefan Jablonski

Language models have shown remarkable proficiency in code generation; nevertheless, ensuring type correctness remains a challenge. Although traditional methods, such as constrained decoding, alleviate this problem by externally rejecting…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Zhechong Huang , Zhao Zhang , Ruyi Ji , Tingxuan Xia , Qihao Zhu , Qinxiang Cao , Zeyu Sun , Wiggin Zhou , Yingfei Xiong

Generating effective test inputs for a software system requires that these inputs be valid, as they will otherwise be rejected without reaching actual functionality. In the absence of a specification for the input language, common test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Leon Bettscheider , Andreas Zeller

This paper presents a new language called APSL for formally describing protocols to facilitate automated testing. Many real world communication protocols exchange messages whose structures are not trivial, e.g. they may consist of multiple…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-04-12 Tom Tervoort , I. S. W. B. Prasetya

Synchronous languages rely on formal methods to ease the development of applications in an efficient and reusable way. Formal methods have been advocated as a means of increasing the reliability of systems, especially those which are safety…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2009-04-20 Annie Ressouche , Daniel Gaffé , Valérie Roy

Recently, a plethora of works have proposed inference-time algorithms (e.g. best-of-n), which incorporate verifiers to assist the generation process. Their quality-efficiency trade-offs have been empirically benchmarked on a variety of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Edoardo Botta , Yuchen Li , Aashay Mehta , Jordan T. Ash , Cyril Zhang , Andrej Risteski

Code Large Language Models (Code LLMs) have been increasingly used by developers to boost productivity, but they often generate vulnerable code. Thus, there is an urgent need to ensure that code generated by Code LLMs is correct and secure.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Yanjun Fu , Ethan Baker , Yu Ding , Yizheng Chen

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) have recently emerged as a promising alternative to autoregressive (AR) models, offering advantages such as accelerated parallel decoding and bidirectional context modeling. However, the vanilla…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Runchu Tian , Junxia Cui , Xueqiang Xu , Feng Yao , Jingbo Shang

This dissertation discusses several problems loosely related, because they all involve a verification condition generator. The Boogie language is introduced; the architecture of a verification-generator is described. Then come more…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2012-05-01 Radu Grigore