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This paper is about certain string-to-string functions, called the polyregular functions. These are like the regular string-to-string functions, except that they can have polynomial (and not just linear) growth. The class has four…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-10-23 Mikołaj Bojańczyk

Polyregular functions are the class of string-to-string functions definable by pebble transducers, an extension of finite-state automata with outputs and multiple two-way reading heads (pebbles) with a stack discipline. If a polyregular…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Sandra Kiefer , Lê Thành Dũng Nguyên , Cécilia Pradic

Polyregular functions form a robust class of string-to-string functions with polynomial growth, as evidenced by Bojanczyk (2018). This class admits numerous descriptions and enjoys several closure properties. Most notably, polyregular…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Thomas Colcombet , Nathan Lhote , Pierre Ohlmann

We consider polyregular functions, which are certain string-to-string functions that have polynomial output size. We prove that a polyregular function has output size $\mathcal O(n^k)$ if and only if it can be defined by an MSO…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Mikołaj Bojańczyk

We show that a polyregular word-to-word function is regular if and only if its output size is at most linear in its input size. Moreover a polyregular function can be realized by: a transducer with two pebbles if and only if its output has…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Nathan Lhote

We study the polyregular string-to-string functions, which are certain functions of polynomial output size that can be described using automata and logic. We describe a system of combinators that generates exactly these functions. Unlike…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Mikołaj Bojańczyk

This paper studies which functions computed by $\mathbb{Z}$-weighted automata can be realized by $\mathbb{N}$-weighted automata, under two extra assumptions: commutativity (the order of letters in the input does not matter) and polynomial…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Aliaume Lopez

Deterministic two-way transducers with pebbles (aka pebble transducers) capture the class of polyregular functions, which extend the string-to-string regular functions allowing polynomial growth instead of linear growth. One of the most…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Luc Dartois , Paul Gastin , L. Germerie Guizouarn , Shankaranarayanan Krishna

String-to-string MSO interpretations are like Courcelle's MSO transductions, except that a single output position can be represented using a tuple of input positions instead of just a single input position. In particular, the output length…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-05-31 Mikołaj Bojańczyk , Sandra Kiefer , Nathan Lhote

Deterministic two-way transducers define the class of regular functions from words to words. Alur and Cern\'y introduced an equivalent model of transducers with registers called copyless streaming string transducers. In this paper, we drop…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Gaëtan Douéneau-Tabot , Emmanuel Filiot , Paul Gastin

This paper introduces a robust class of functions from finite words to integers that we call Z-polyregular functions. We show that it admits natural characterizations in terms of logics, Z-rational expressions, Z-rational series and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Thomas Colcombet , Gaëtan Douéneau-Tabot , Aliaume Lopez

We characterize regular string transductions as programs in a linear $\lambda$-calculus with additives. One direction of this equivalence is proved by encoding copyless streaming string transducers (SSTs), which compute regular functions,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-04-06 Lê Thành Dũng Nguyên , Camille Noûs , Cécilia Pradic

We propose to use Church encodings in typed lambda-calculi as the basis for an automata-theoretic counterpart of implicit computational complexity, in the same way that monadic second-order logic provides a counterpart to descriptive…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Lê Thành Dũng Nguyên

Given an $\mathbb{N}$-weighted tree automaton, we give a decision procedure for exponential vs polynomial growth (with respect to the input size) in quadratic time, and an algorithm that computes the exact polynomial degree of growth in…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Paul Gallot , Nathan Lhote , Lê Thành Dũng Nguyên

Regular transductions over finite words have linear input-to-output growth. This class of transductions enjoys many characterizations. Recently, regular transductions have been extended by Boja\'nczyk to polyregular transductions, which…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Emmanuel Filiot , Pierre-Alain Reynier , Nathan Lhote

We investigate decidability of equivalence of register transducers, also called copyful Streaming String Transducers in case of string input, extended with an operation of substituting a register for all occurrences of a given letter in…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-02-18 Janusz Schmude

We focus on (partial) functions that map input strings to a monoid such as the set of integers with addition and the set of output strings with concatenation. The notion of regularity for such functions has been defined using two-way…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-02-14 Rajeev Alur , Adam Freilich , Mukund Raghothaman

Regular string-to-string functions enjoy a nice triple characterization through deterministic two-way transducers (2DFT), streaming string transducers (SST) and MSO definable functions. This result has recently been lifted to FO definable…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-06-10 Luc Dartois , Ismaël Jecker , Pierre-Alain Reynier

Copyless streaming string transducers (copyless SST) have been introduced by R. Alur and P. Cerny in 2010 as a one-way deterministic automata model to define transformations of finite strings. Copyless SST extend deterministic finite state…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-12-02 Emmanuel Filiot , Pierre-Alain Reynier

Pebble transducers are nested two-way transducers which can drop marks (named "pebbles") on their input word. Such machines can compute functions whose output size is polynomial in the size of their input. They can be seen as simple…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-01-25 Gaëtan Douéneau-Tabot
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