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In various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, fine-tuning Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) often leads to the issue of spurious correlations, which negatively impacts performance, particularly when dealing with out-of-distribution…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Suyoung Bae , Hyojun Kim , YunSeok Choi , Jee-Hyong Lee

Language models are notoriously difficult to evaluate. We release SuperSim, a large-scale similarity and relatedness test set for Swedish built with expert human judgments. The test set is composed of 1,360 word-pairs independently judged…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Simon Hengchen , Nina Tahmasebi

State-of-the-art natural language processing systems rely on supervision in the form of annotated data to learn competent models. These models are generally trained on data in a single language (usually English), and cannot be directly used…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-14 Alexis Conneau , Guillaume Lample , Ruty Rinott , Adina Williams , Samuel R. Bowman , Holger Schwenk , Veselin Stoyanov

We present COSTRA 1.0, a dataset of complex sentence transformations. The dataset is intended for the study of sentence-level embeddings beyond simple word alternations or standard paraphrasing. This first version of the dataset is limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-17 Petra Barancikova , Ondrej Bojar

Recent advancement in large language models (LLMs) has offered a strong potential for natural language systems to process informal language. A representative form of informal language is slang, used commonly in daily conversations and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Zhewei Sun , Qian Hu , Rahul Gupta , Richard Zemel , Yang Xu

Speech Large Language Models (SLLMs) have rapidly expanded, supporting a wide range of tasks. These models are typically evaluated using text prompts, which may not reflect real-world scenarios where users interact with speech. To address…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Maike Züfle , Sara Papi , Fabian Retkowski , Szymon Mazurek , Marek Kasztelnik , Alexander Waibel , Luisa Bentivogli , Jan Niehues

We introduce LABR, the largest sentiment analysis dataset to-date for the Arabic language. It consists of over 63,000 book reviews, each rated on a scale of 1 to 5 stars. We investigate the properties of the dataset, and present its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-05-05 Mahmoud Nabil , Mohamed Aly , Amir Atiya

We introduce Multi-SimLex, a large-scale lexical resource and evaluation benchmark covering datasets for 12 typologically diverse languages, including major languages (e.g., Mandarin Chinese, Spanish, Russian) as well as less-resourced ones…

As language models grow in popularity, it becomes increasingly important to clearly measure all possible markers of demographic identity in order to avoid perpetuating existing societal harms. Many datasets for measuring bias currently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Eric Michael Smith , Melissa Hall , Melanie Kambadur , Eleonora Presani , Adina Williams

In difficult decision-making scenarios, it is common to have conflicting opinions among expert human decision-makers as there may not be a single right answer. Such decisions may be guided by different attributes that can be used to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Brian Hu , Bill Ray , Alice Leung , Amy Summerville , David Joy , Christopher Funk , Arslan Basharat

Recent work on evaluating grammatical knowledge in pretrained sentence encoders gives a fine-grained view of a small number of phenomena. We introduce a new analysis dataset that also has broad coverage of linguistic phenomena. We annotate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-25 Alex Warstadt , Samuel R. Bowman

Large language models (LLMs) perform strongly on many language tasks but still struggle with complex multi-step reasoning across disciplines. Existing reasoning datasets often lack disciplinary breadth, reasoning depth, and diversity, as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Weize Liu , Yongchi Zhao , Yijia Luo , Mingyu Xu , Jiaheng Liu , Yanan Li , Xiguo Hu , Zhiqi Bai , Yuchi Xu , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng

Improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) typically relies either on the model's ability to sample a correct solution to be reinforced or on the existence of a stronger model able to solve the problem. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ethan Mendes , Jungsoo Park , Alan Ritter

In this paper, we introduce a new Czech subjectivity dataset of 10k manually annotated subjective and objective sentences from movie reviews and descriptions. Our prime motivation is to provide a reliable dataset that can be used with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Pavel Přibáň , Josef Steinberger

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance across various sentence-based linguistic phenomena, yet their ability to capture cross-sentence paradigmatic patterns, such as verb alternations, remains underexplored. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Giuseppe Samo , Paola Merlo

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) and Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have improved Document Layout Analysis (DLA), yet structural errors such as region merging, splitting, and omission remain persistent. Conventional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Inbum Heo , Taewook Hwang , Jeesu Jung , Sangkeun Jung

Continual learning has gained increasing importance as it facilitates the acquisition and refinement of scalable knowledge and skills in language models. However, existing methods typically encounter strict limitations and challenges in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Bohao Peng , Zhuotao Tian , Shu Liu , Mingchang Yang , Jiaya Jia

SciLaD is a novel, large-scale dataset of scientific language constructed entirely using open-source frameworks and publicly available data sources. It comprises a curated English split containing over 10 million scientific publications and…

Assessing and enhancing human learning through question-answering is vital, yet automating this process remains challenging. While large language models (LLMs) excel at summarization and query responses, their ability to generate meaningful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Kimia Noorbakhsh , Joseph Chandler , Pantea Karimi , Mohammad Alizadeh , Hari Balakrishnan

Test-time scaling for code generation commonly relies on Best-of-N selection, in which multiple candidate solutions are sampled from a base model, and the best one is selected by an LLM judge. However, training reliable LLM judges is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Peijia Qin , Ruiyi Zhang , Qi Cao , Pengtao Xie