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In the era of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices, the number of controllable hardware qubits is insufficient to implement quantum error correction (QEC). As an alternative, quantum error mitigation (QEM) can suppress errors in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-02 Yuchen Guo , Shuo Yang

The utility of quantum computers for simulating lattice gauge theories is currently limited by the noisiness of the physical hardware. Various quantum error mitigation strategies exist to reduce the statistical and systematic uncertainties…

This is an introduction to software methods of quantum fault tolerance. Broadly speaking, these methods describe strategies for using the noisy hardware components of a quantum computer to perform computations while continually monitoring…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-12-06 Panos Aliferis

Quantum computers have the potential to help solve a range of physics and chemistry problems, but noise in quantum hardware currently limits our ability to obtain accurate results from the execution of quantum-simulation algorithms. Various…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-13 Eliott Rosenberg , Paul Ginsparg , Peter L. McMahon

Noise remains a fundamental challenge in quantum computing, significantly affecting pulse fidelity and overall circuit performance. This paper introduces an adaptive algorithm for pulse-level quantum error mitigation, designed to enhance…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-27 William Aguilar-Calvo , Santiago Núñez-Corrales

Quantum computers are becoming increasingly accessible, and may soon outperform classical computers for useful tasks. However, qubit readout errors remain a significant hurdle to running quantum algorithms on current devices. We present a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-28 Alistair W. R. Smith , Kiran E. Khosla , Chris N. Self , M. S. Kim

Variational hybrid quantum-classical optimization represents one of the most promising avenue to show the advantage of nowadays noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers in solving hard problems, such as finding the minimum-energy state of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-18 Laura Gentini , Alessandro Cuccoli , Stefano Pirandola , Paola Verrucchi , Leonardo Banchi

Practical implementation of quantum error correction is currently limited by near-term quantum hardware. In contrast, quantum error mitigation has demonstrated strong promise for improving the performance of noisy quantum circuits without…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-02 Dawei Zhong , William Munizzi , Huo Chen , Wibe Albert de Jong

Stochastic processes underlie a vast range of natural and social phenomena. Some processes such as atomic decay feature intrinsic randomness, whereas other complex processes, e.g. traffic congestion, are effectively probabilistic because we…

Quantum computing gives direct access to the study of real-time dynamics of quantum many-body systems. In principle, it is possible to directly calculate non-equal-time correlation functions, from which one can detect interesting phenomena,…

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) has been proposed as a class of hardware-friendly error suppression techniques. While QEM has been primarily studied for mitigating errors in the estimation of expectation values of observables, recent works…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Rion Shimazu , Suguru Endo , Shigeo Hakkaku , Shinobu Saito

Quantum systems, in general, output data that cannot be simulated efficiently by a classical computer, and hence is useful for solving certain mathematical problems and simulating quantum many-body systems. This also implies, unfortunately,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-04 Keisuke Fujii , Masahito Hayashi

We propose a quantum error mitigation method termed self-mitigation, which is comparable with zero-noise extrapolation, to achieve quantum utility on near-term, noisy quantum computers. We investigate the effectiveness of several quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-26 Seokwon Choi , Talal Ahmed Chowdhury , Kwangmin Yu

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) is typically viewed as a suite of practical techniques for today's noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices, with limited relevance once fault-tolerant quantum computers become available. In this work, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-11 Zeyuan Zhou , Shaun Pexton , Aleksander Kubica , Yongshan Ding

Even with the recent rapid developments in quantum hardware, noise remains the biggest challenge for the practical applications of any near-term quantum devices. Full quantum error correction cannot be implemented in these devices due to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-22 Zhenyu Cai

We develop a classical bit-flip correction method to mitigate measurement errors on quantum computers. This method can be applied to any operator, any number of qubits, and any realistic bit-flip probability. We first demonstrate the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-02 Lena Funcke , Tobias Hartung , Karl Jansen , Stefan Kühn , Paolo Stornati , Xiaoyang Wang

One of the central problems for near-term quantum devices is to understand their ultimate potential and limitations. We address this problem in terms of quantum error mitigation by introducing a framework taking into account the full…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-24 Ryuji Takagi

Noise dominates every aspect of near-term quantum computers, rendering it exceedingly difficult to carry out even small computations. In this paper we are concerned with the modelling of noise in Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-20 Konstantinos Georgopoulos , Clive Emary , Paolo Zuliani

We investigate the effects of noise on parameterised quantum circuits using spectral analysis and classical signal processing tools. For different noise models, we quantify the additional, higher frequency modes in the output signal caused…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-11 Enrico Fontana , Ivan Rungger , Ross Duncan , Cristina Cîrstoiu

Quantum mechanical problems are among the hardest to simulate and, in some cases, remain intractable even for the most powerful computers. Quantum computing has emerged as a new technological platform to address such challenges, with rapid…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-01 Alexander Miessen