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Our understanding of the process of terrestrial planet formation has grown markedly over the past 20 years, yet key questions remain. This review begins by first addressing the critical, earliest stage of dust coagulation and concentration.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-11-07 Matthew S. Clement , Andre Izidoro , Sean N. Raymond , Rogerio Deienno

We present numerical simulations of terrestrial planet formation that examine the growth continuously from planetesimals to planets in the inner Solar System. Previous studies show that the growth will be inside-out, but it is still common…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-05 Kevin J. Walsh , Harold F. Levison

Super-thermal gas giant planets or their progenitor cores are known to open deep gaps in protoplanetary disks, which stop large, drifting dust particles on their way to the inner disk. The possible separation of the disk into distinct…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-10 Thomas Pfeil , Philip J. Armitage , Yan-Fei Jiang

Volatile molecules containing hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen are key components of planetary atmospheres. In the pebble accretion model for rocky planet formation, these volatile species are accreted during the main planetary formation…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-03-15 Anders Johansen , Thomas Ronnet , Martin Schiller , Zhengbin Deng , Martin Bizzarro

The C--to--O ratio is a crucial determinant of the chemical properties of planets. The recent observation of WASP 12b, a giant planet with a C/O value larger than that estimated for its host star, poses a conundrum for understanding the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-18 Mohamad Ali-Dib , Olivier Mousis , Jean-Marc Petit , Jonathan I. Lunine

In models of planetary accretion, pebbles form by dust coagulation and rapidly migrate toward the central star. Planetesimals may continuously form from pebbles over the age of the protoplanetary disk by yet uncertain mechanisms. Meanwhile,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-04-17 Ryuji Morishima

The abundances of elements in the Earth and the terrestrial planets provide the initial conditions for life and clues as to the history and formation of the Solar System. We follow the pioneering work of Bond et al. (2010) and combine…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-11 Sebastian Elser , Michael R. Meyer , Ben Moore

Formation of the first planetesimals remains an unsolved problem. Growth by sticking must initiate the process, but multiple studies have revealed a series of barriers that can slow or stall growth, most of them due to nebula turbulence. In…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-09-07 Paul R. Estrada , Jeffrey N. Cuzzi

We investigate the outcome of collisions of Ceres-sized planetesimals composed of a rocky core and a shell of water ice. These collisions are not only relevant for explaining the formation of planetary embryos in early planetary systems,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-28 Thomas I. Maindl , Rudolf Dvorak , Christoph Schäfer , Roland Speith

Recent observations from NASA's Kepler mission detected the first planets in circumbinary orbits. The question we try to answer is where these planets formed in the circumbinary disk and how far inside they migrated to reach their present…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-15 Francesco Marzari , Philippe Thebault , Hans Scholl , G. Picogna , Clement Baruteau

Young terrestrial planets, when they are still embedded in a circumstellar disk, accumulate an atmosphere of nebula gas. The evolution and eventual evaporation of the protoplanetary disk affect the structure and dynamics of the planetary…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-03 Alexander Stoekl , Ernst Dorfi , Helmut Lammer

One of the current challenges of planet formation theory is to explain the enrichment of observed exoplanetary atmospheres. Past studies have focused on scenarios where either pebbles or planetesimals were the heavy element enrichment's…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-11-08 Claudia Danti , Bertram Bitsch , Jingyi Mah

(Exo-)planets inherit their budget of chemical elements from a protoplanetary disk. The disk temperature determines the phase of each chemical species, which sets the composition of solids and gas available for planet formation. We…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-10-23 Kan Chen , Mihkel Kama , Paola Pinilla , Luke Keyte

Silicon and Mg in differentiated rocky bodies exhibit heavy isotope enrichments that have been attributed to evaporation of partially or entirely molten planetesimals. We evaluate the mechanisms of planetesimal evaporation in the early…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-09-16 E. D. Young , A. Shahar , F. Nimmo , H. E. Schlichting , E. A. Schauble , H. Tang , J. Labidi

Water ice is expected to be the dominant volatile component of bodies formed in the outer Solar System. However, recent observations of comets and trans-Neptunian objects suggest that the relative abundances of ices can vary substantially,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-29 Joanna Drazkowska

Most of planet formation models that incorporate planetesimal fragmentation consider a catastrophic impact energy threshold for basalts at a constant velocity of 3 km/s during all the process of the formation of the planets. However, as…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-05-29 I. L. San Sebastián , O. M. Guilera , M. G. Parisi

Partial condensation of dust from the Solar nebula is likely responsible for the diverse chemical compositions of chondrites and rocky planets/planetesimals in the inner Solar system. We present a forward physical-chemical model of a…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-05-13 Min Li , Shichun Huang , Michail I. Petaev , Zhaohuan Zhu , Jason H. Steffen

The thermochemical evolution of planetesimals is an underprobed stage of volatile delivery to terrestrial planets during their formation, and may contribute to the volatile depletion of the Earth relative to primitive chondrites. We have…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-29 Bo Peng , Diana Valencia

Most detected planet-bearing binaries are in wide orbits, for which a high inclination, $i_B$, between the binary orbital plane and the plane of the planetary disk around the primary is likely to be common. In this paper, we investigate the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-27 Ji-Wei Xie , Matthew Payne , Philippe Thebault , Ji-Lin Zhou , Jian Ge

Atmospheric composition of exoplanets is often considered as a probe of the planet's formation condition. How exactly the initial chemical memory may be altered from the birth to the final state of the planet, however, remains unknown.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-10-08 Emilia Vlahos , Yayaati Chachan , Vincent Savignac , Eve J. Lee