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It is widely believed that stochastic gradient descent (SGD) performs significantly worse than adaptive optimizers such as Adam in pre-training Large Language Models (LLMs). Yet the underlying reason for this gap remains unclear. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Athanasios Glentis , Dawei Li , Chung-Yiu Yau , Mingyi Hong

Training Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) with small batches using Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) yields superior test performance compared to larger batches. The specific noise structure inherent to SGD is known to be responsible for this…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-14 Tom Sander , Maxime Sylvestre , Alain Durmus

Asynchronous stochastic gradient descent (SGD) enables scalable distributed training but suffers from gradient staleness. Existing mitigation strategies, such as delay-adaptive learning rates and staleness-aware filtering, typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Tehila Dahan , Roie Reshef , Sharon Goldstein , Kfir Y. Levy

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is the most popular algorithm for training deep neural networks (DNNs). As larger networks and datasets cause longer training times, training on distributed systems is common and distributed SGD variants,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-17 Kwangmin Yu , Thomas Flynn , Shinjae Yoo , Nicholas D'Imperio

When training deep neural networks, it is typically assumed that the training examples are uniformly difficult to learn. Or, to restate, it is assumed that the training error will be uniformly distributed across the training examples. Based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-10-09 Andrew J. R. Simpson

Momentum plays a crucial role in stochastic gradient-based optimization algorithms for accelerating or improving training deep neural networks (DNNs). In deep learning practice, the momentum is usually weighted by a well-calibrated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-04 Bao Wang , Qiang Ye

We study the impact of the batch size $n_b$ on the iteration time $T$ of training two-layer neural networks with one-pass stochastic gradient descent (SGD) on multi-index target functions of isotropic covariates. We characterize the optimal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-06 Luca Arnaboldi , Yatin Dandi , Florent Krzakala , Bruno Loureiro , Luca Pesce , Ludovic Stephan

The great success neural networks have achieved is inseparable from the application of gradient-descent (GD) algorithms. Based on GD, many variant algorithms have emerged to improve the GD optimization process. The gradient for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Zefan Li , Bingbing Ni , Teng Li , WenJun Zhang , Wen Gao

LLM training is resource-intensive. Quantized training improves computational and memory efficiency but introduces quantization noise, which can hinder convergence and degrade model accuracy. Stochastic Rounding (SR) has emerged as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Taowen Liu , Marta Andronic , Deniz Gündüz , George A. Constantinides

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) holds as a classical method to build large scale machine learning models over big data. A stochastic gradient is typically calculated from a limited number of samples (known as mini-batch), so it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-01-14 Yadong Mu , Wei Liu , Wei Fan

Distributed stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithms are widely deployed in training large-scale deep learning models, while the communication overhead among workers becomes the new system bottleneck. Recently proposed gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-21 Shaohuai Shi , Xiaowen Chu , Ka Chun Cheung , Simon See

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) based methods have been widely used for training large-scale machine learning models that also generalize well in practice. Several explanations have been offered for this generalization performance, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-11 Yikai Zhang , Wenjia Zhang , Sammy Bald , Vamsi Pingali , Chao Chen , Mayank Goswami

The success of deep learning is due, to a large extent, to the remarkable effectiveness of gradient-based optimization methods applied to large neural networks. The purpose of this work is to propose a modern view and a general mathematical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-28 Chaoyue Liu , Libin Zhu , Mikhail Belkin

Several works have aimed to explain why overparameterized neural networks generalize well when trained by Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD). The consensus explanation that has emerged credits the randomized nature of SGD for the bias of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Shengchao Liu , Dimitris Papailiopoulos , Dimitris Achlioptas

Stochastic gradient descent with momentum (SGDM) has been widely used in many machine learning and statistical applications. Despite the observed empirical benefits of SGDM over traditional SGD, the theoretical understanding of the role of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Kejie Tang , Weidong Liu , Yichen Zhang , Xi Chen

The performance of fully synchronized distributed systems has faced a bottleneck due to the big data trend, under which asynchronous distributed systems are becoming a major popularity due to their powerful scalability. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-10-01 Jayanth Regatti , Gaurav Tendolkar , Yi Zhou , Abhishek Gupta , Yingbin Liang

Stochastic gradient descent (\textsc{Sgd}) methods are the most powerful optimization tools in training machine learning and deep learning models. Moreover, acceleration (a.k.a. momentum) methods and diagonal scaling (a.k.a. adaptive…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-10-02 Qi Deng , Yi Cheng , Guanghui Lan

SGD is the widely adopted method to train CNN. Conceptually it approximates the population with a randomly sampled batch; then it evenly trains batches by conducting a gradient update on every batch in an epoch. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-29 Linnan Wang , Yi Yang , Martin Renqiang Min , Srimat Chakradhar

We establish matching upper and lower generalization error bounds for mini-batch Gradient Descent (GD) training with either deterministic or stochastic, data-independent, but otherwise arbitrary batch selection rules. We consider smooth…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Konstantinos E. Nikolakakis , Amin Karbasi , Dionysis Kalogerias

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is arguably the most popular of the machine learning methods applied to training deep neural networks (DNN) today. It has recently been demonstrated that SGD can be statistically biased so that certain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-09-21 Andrew J. R. Simpson