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In a recent milestone experiment, Google's processor Sycamore heralded the era of "quantum supremacy" by sampling from the output of (pseudo-)random circuits. We show that such random circuits provide tailor-made building blocks for…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-06-09 Jonas Richter , Arijeet Pal

The emergence of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers has important consequences for cryptographic algorithms. It is theoretically well-established that key algorithms used in cybersecurity are vulnerable to quantum computers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Sahay Harshvardhan , Sanil Jain , James E. McClure , Caleb McIrvin , Ngoc Quy Tran

With quantum computing devices increasing in scale and complexity, there is a growing need for tools that obtain precise diagnostic information about quantum operations. However, current quantum devices are only capable of short…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-01 J. Helsen , M. Ioannou , J. Kitzinger , E. Onorati , A. H. Werner , J. Eisert , I. Roth

Quantum computing systems need to be benchmarked in terms of practical tasks they would be expected to do. Here, we propose 3 "application-motivated" circuit classes for benchmarking: deep (relevant for state preparation in the variational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-24 Daniel Mills , Seyon Sivarajah , Travis L. Scholten , Ross Duncan

We consider the possibility of adding noise to a quantum circuit to make it efficiently simulatable classically. In previous works this approach has been used to derive upper bounds to fault tolerance thresholds - usually by identifying a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-03-12 M. B. Plenio , S. Virmani

Quantum processors are now able to run quantum circuits that are infeasible to simulate classically, creating a need for benchmarks that assess a quantum processor's rate of errors when running these circuits. Here, we introduce a general…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Jordan Hines , Timothy Proctor

Randomized benchmarking is a technique for estimating the average fidelity of a set of quantum gates. For general gatesets, however, it is difficult to draw robust conclusions from the resulting data. Here we propose a new method based on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-31 Jonas Helsen , Xiao Xue , Lieven M. K. Vandersypen , Stephanie Wehner

The presence of noise is the primary challenge in realizing fault-tolerant quantum computers. In this work, we introduce and experimentally validate a novel strategy to circumvent noise by exploiting the phenomenon of metastability, where a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Antonio Sannia , Pratik Sathe , Luis Pedro García-Pintos

Characterization of experimental systems is an essential step in developing and improving quantum hardware. A collection of protocols known as Randomized Benchmarking (RB) was developed in the past decade, which provides an efficient way to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-22 Linghang Kong

We present an accreditation protocol for the outputs of noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. By testing entire circuits rather than individual gates, our accreditation protocol can provide an upper-bound on the variation distance…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-21 Samuele Ferracin , Theodoros Kapourniotis , Animesh Datta

Current quantum technologies are at the cusp of becoming useful, but still face formidable obstacles such as noise. Noise severely limits the ability to scale quantum devices to the point that they would offer an advantage over classical…

As quantum computers continue to increase in size and topological complexity, benchmarking crosstalk becomes more complex and resource-intensive. This limits the ability to obtain relevant crosstalk metrics for applications such as error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-01 Jaden Hawley , Chi-Ren Shyu

We develop and apply an extension of the randomized compiling (RC) protocol that includes a special treatment of neighboring qubits and dramatically reduces crosstalk effects caused by the application of faulty gates on superconducting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-07 Hugo Perrin , Thibault Scoquart , Alexander Shnirman , Jörg Schmalian , Kyrylo Snizhko

Hardware efficient transpilation of quantum circuits to a quantum devices native gateset is essential for the execution of quantum algorithms on noisy quantum computers. Typical quantum devices utilize a gateset with a single two-qubit…

Access to quantum computing is steadily increasing each year as the speed advantage of quantum computers solidifies with the growing number of usable qubits. However, the inherent noise encountered when running these systems can lead to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-24 Jon Gardeazabal-Gutierrez , Erik B. Terres-Escudero , Pablo García Bringas

Undesired coupling to the surrounding environment destroys long-range correlations on quantum processors and hinders the coherent evolution in the nominally available computational space. This incoherent noise is an outstanding challenge to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-07 A. Morvan , B. Villalonga , X. Mi , S. Mandrà , A. Bengtsson , P. V. Klimov , Z. Chen , S. Hong , C. Erickson , I. K. Drozdov , J. Chau , G. Laun , R. Movassagh , A. Asfaw , L. T. A. N. Brandão , R. Peralta , D. Abanin , R. Acharya , R. Allen , T. I. Andersen , K. Anderson , M. Ansmann , F. Arute , K. Arya , J. Atalaya , J. C. Bardin , A. Bilmes , G. Bortoli , A. Bourassa , J. Bovaird , L. Brill , M. Broughton , B. B. Buckley , D. A. Buell , T. Burger , B. Burkett , N. Bushnell , J. Campero , H. S. Chang , B. Chiaro , D. Chik , C. Chou , J. Cogan , R. Collins , P. Conner , W. Courtney , A. L. Crook , B. Curtin , D. M. Debroy , A. Del Toro Barba , S. Demura , A. Di Paolo , A. Dunsworth , L. Faoro , E. Farhi , R. Fatemi , V. S. Ferreira , L. Flores Burgos , E. Forati , A. G. Fowler , B. Foxen , G. Garcia , E. Genois , W. Giang , C. Gidney , D. Gilboa , M. Giustina , R. Gosula , A. Grajales Dau , J. A. Gross , S. Habegger , M. C. Hamilton , M. Hansen , M. P. Harrigan , S. D. Harrington , P. Heu , M. R. Hoffmann , T. Huang , A. Huff , W. J. Huggins , L. B. Ioffe , S. V. Isakov , J. Iveland , E. Jeffrey , Z. Jiang , C. Jones , P. Juhas , D. Kafri , T. Khattar , M. Khezri , M. Kieferová , S. Kim , A. Kitaev , A. R. Klots , A. N. Korotkov , F. Kostritsa , J. M. Kreikebaum , D. Landhuis , P. Laptev , K. -M. Lau , L. Laws , J. Lee , K. W. Lee , Y. D. Lensky , B. J. Lester , A. T. Lill , W. Liu , W. P. Livingston , A. Locharla , F. D. Malone , O. Martin , S. Martin , J. R. McClean , M. McEwen , K. C. Miao , A. Mieszala , S. Montazeri , W. Mruczkiewicz , O. Naaman , M. Neeley , C. Neill , A. Nersisyan , M. Newman , J. H. Ng , A. Nguyen , M. Nguyen , M. Yuezhen Niu , T. E. O'Brien , S. Omonije , A. Opremcak , A. Petukhov , R. Potter , L. P. Pryadko , C. Quintana , D. M. Rhodes , E. Rosenberg , C. Rocque , P. Roushan , N. C. Rubin , N. Saei , D. Sank , K. Sankaragomathi , K. J. Satzinger , H. F. Schurkus , C. Schuster , M. J. Shearn , A. Shorter , N. Shutty , V. Shvarts , V. Sivak , J. Skruzny , W. C. Smith , R. D. Somma , G. Sterling , D. Strain , M. Szalay , D. Thor , A. Torres , G. Vidal , C. Vollgraff Heidweiller , T. White , B. W. K. Woo , C. Xing , Z. J. Yao , P. Yeh , J. Yoo , G. Young , A. Zalcman , Y. Zhang , N. Zhu , N. Zobrist , E. G. Rieffel , R. Biswas , R. Babbush , D. Bacon , J. Hilton , E. Lucero , H. Neven , A. Megrant , J. Kelly , I. Aleiner , V. Smelyanskiy , K. Kechedzhi , Y. Chen , S. Boixo

With the advent of public access to small gate-based quantum processors, it becomes necessary to develop a benchmarking methodology such that independent researchers can validate the operation of these processors. We explore the usefulness…

Quantum computers are expected to contribute more efficient and accurate ways of modeling economic processes. Quantum hardware is currently available at a relatively small scale, but effective algorithms are limited by the number of logic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-18 Dominic Widdows , Amit Bhattacharyya

Simulating noisy quantum circuits is vital in designing and verifying quantum algorithms in the current NISQ (Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum) era, where quantum noise is unavoidable. However, it is much more inefficient than the classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-27 Mingyu Huang , Ji Guan , Wang Fang , Mingsheng Ying

Cross-entropy benchmarking is a central technique used to certify a quantum chip in recent experiments. To better understand its mathematical foundation and develop new benchmarking schemes, we introduce the concept of ergodicity to random…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-14 Bin Cheng , Fei Meng , Zhi-Jiong Zhang , Man-Hong Yung