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Power side-channel attacks on AES exploit data-dependent physical leakage to recover secret keys, but turning noisy leakage observations into a verified AES-128 key remains a hard combinational search problem. SAT-assisted power…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Walid El Maouaki , Alberto Marchisio , Muhammad Shafique

The Model-Constructing Satisfiability Calculus (MCSAT) framework has been applied to SMT problems over various arithmetic theories. NLSAT, an implementation using cylindrical algebraic decomposition (CAD) for explanation, is especially…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zhonghan Wang

The theory of quantifier-free bit-vectors (QF_BV) is of paramount importance in software verification. The standard approach for satisfiability checking reduces the bit-vector problem to a Boolean problem, leveraging the powerful SAT…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-06-29 Zakaria Chihani , François Bobot , Sébastien Bardin

Current implementations of pseudo-Boolean (PB) solvers working on native PB constraints are based on the CDCL architecture which empowers highly efficient modern SAT solvers. In particular, such PB solvers not only implement a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Daniel Le Berre , Romain Wallon

Over the years complexity theorists have proposed many structural parameters to explain the surprising efficiency of conflict-driven clause-learning (CDCL) SAT solvers on a wide variety of large industrial Boolean instances. While some of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-06-28 Edward Zulkoski , Ruben Martins , Christoph Wintersteiger , Robert Robere , Jia Liang , Krzysztof Czarnecki , Vijay Ganesh

Recent attempts to explain the effectiveness of Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solvers based on conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) on large industrial benchmarks have focused on the concept of community structure. Specifically, industrial…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-08-16 Nathan Mull , Daniel J. Fremont , Sanjit A. Seshia

Restart policy is an important technique used in modern Conflict-Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) solvers, wherein some parts of the solver state are erased at certain intervals during the run of the solver. In most solvers, variable…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Chunxiao Li , Charlie Liu , Jonathan Chung , Zhengyang Lu , Piyush Jha , Vijay Ganesh

Recent work introduced the cube-and-conquer technique to solve hard SAT instances. It partitions the search space into cubes using a lookahead solver. Each cube is tackled by a conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) solver. Crucial for…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-02-19 Peter van der Tak , Marijn J. H. Heule , Armin Biere

Circuit Satisfiability (CSAT) plays a pivotal role in Electronic Design Automation. The standard workflow for solving CSAT problems converts circuits into Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) and employs generic SAT solvers powered by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Jiaying Zhu , Ziyang Zheng , Zhengyuan Shi , Yalun Cai , Qiang Xu

Neural networks in safety-critical applications face increasing safety and security concerns due to their susceptibility to little disturbance. In this paper, we propose DeepCDCL, a novel neural network verification framework based on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Zongxin Liu , Pengfei Yang , Lijun Zhang , Xiaowei Huang

Local search preprocessing makes Conflict-Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) solvers faster by providing high-quality starting points and modern SAT solvers have incorporated this technique into their preprocessing steps. However, these tools…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-05 André Schidler , Stefan Szeider

More and more languages have a need for constraint solving capabilities for features like error detection or automatic code generation. Imagine a dependently typed language that can immediately implement a program as soon as its type is…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Arved Friedemann , Oliver Keszocze

Our work presents a novel reinforcement learning (RL) based framework to optimize heuristic selection within the conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) process, improving the efficiency of Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solving. The proposed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Muyu Pan , Matthew Walter , Dheeraj Kodakandla , Mahfuza Farooque

Conflict-Based Search (CBS) is a state-of-the-art algorithm for multi-agent path finding. At the high level, CBS repeatedly detects conflicts and resolves one of them by splitting the current problem into two subproblems. Previous work…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-14 Taoan Huang , Bistra Dilkina , Sven Koenig

Modern solvers for Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) and Answer Set Programming (ASP) are based on sophisticated Boolean constraint solving techniques. In both areas, conflict-driven learning and related techniques constitute key features whose…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-03-17 Christian Drescher , Martin Gebser , Benjamin Kaufmann , Torsten Schaub

A state-of-the-art criterion to evaluate the importance of a given learned clause is called Literal Block Distance (LBD) score. It measures the number of distinct decision levels in a given learned clause. The lower the LBD score of a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-04-26 Md Solimul Chowdhury , Martin Müller , Jia-Huai You

We previously designed Partial Order Conflict Driven Clause Learning (PO-CDCL), a variation of the satisfiability solving CDCL algorithm with a partial order on decision levels, and showed that it can speed up the solving on problems with a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-01 Anthony Monnet , Roger Villemaire

When dealing with real-world optimization problems, decision-makers usually face high levels of uncertainty associated with partial information, unknown parameters, or complex relationships between these and the problem decision variables.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-05-01 Antonio Alcántara , Carlos Ruiz

The success of Conflict Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) for Boolean satisfiability has inspired adoption in other domains. We present a novel lifting of CDCL to program analysis called Abstract Conflict Driven Learning for Programs (ACDLP).…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-07-10 Rajdeep Mukherjee , Peter Schrammel , Leopold Haller , Daniel Kroening , Tom Melham

CDCL-based SAT solvers have transformed the field of automated reasoning owing to their demonstrated efficiency at handling problems arising from diverse domains. The success of CDCL solvers is owed to the design of clever heuristics that…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Arijit Shaw , Kuldeep S. Meel