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This paper presents a framework to tackle constrained combinatorial optimization problems using deep Reinforcement Learning (RL). To this end, we extend the Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO) theory in order to deal with constraints in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Ruben Solozabal , Josu Ceberio , Martin Takáč

We present a novel framework that combines machine learning with mixed-integer optimization to solve the Capacitated Location-Routing Problem (CLRP). The CLRP is a classical NP-hard problem that integrates strategic facility location with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-24 Waquar Kaleem , Doyoung Lee , Changhyun Kwon , Anirudh Subramanyam

The vehicle routing problem (VRP) is a fundamental NP-hard task in intelligent transportation systems with broad applications in logistics and distribution. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) with Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) has shown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Le Tung Giang , Vu Hoang Viet , Nguyen Xuan Tung , Trinh Van Chien , Won-Joo Hwang

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) is one of the most extensively studied problems in combinatorial optimization. Based on customer demand, we distinguish three variants of CVRP: unit-demand, splittable, and unsplittable. In…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Jingyang Zhao , Mingyu Xiao

Spanning tree problems with specialized constraints can be difficult to solve in real-world scenarios, often requiring intricate algorithmic design and exponential time. Recently, there has been growing interest in end-to-end deep neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Yuchen Shi , Congying Han , Tiande Guo

Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs) in real-world applications often come with various constraints, therefore bring additional computational challenges to exact solution methods or heuristic search approaches. The recent idea to learn heuristic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-01 Qiaoyue Tang , Yangzhe Kong , Lemeng Pan , Choonmeng Lee

Constructive neural combinatorial optimization (NCO) has attracted growing research attention due to its ability to solve complex routing problems without relying on handcrafted rules. However, existing NCO methods face significant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Changliang Zhou , Xi Lin , Zhenkun Wang , Qingfu Zhang

Robust optimization is a widely studied area in operations research, where the algorithm takes as input a range of values and outputs a single solution that performs well for the entire range. Specifically, a robust algorithm aims to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-05-19 Arun Ganesh , Bruce M. Maggs , Debmalya Panigrahi

This study proposes an end-to-end framework for solving multi-objective optimization problems (MOPs) using Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), that we call DRL-MOA. The idea of decomposition is adopted to decompose the MOP into a set of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Kaiwen Li , Tao Zhang , Rui Wang

This paper presents a novel learning-based trajectory planning framework for quadrotors that combines model-based optimization techniques with deep learning. Specifically, we formulate the trajectory optimization problem as a quadratic…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Yuwei Wu , Xiatao Sun , Igor Spasojevic , Vijay Kumar

This thesis concerns the use of reinforcement learning to train neural networks to aid in the design of public transit networks. The Transit Network Design Problem (TNDP) is an optimization problem of considerable practical importance.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Andrew Holliday

This study proposes a hybrid deep-learning-metaheuristic framework with a bi-level architecture for road network design problems (NDPs). We train a graph neural network (GNN) to approximate the solution of the user equilibrium (UE) traffic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Bahman Madadi , Goncalo Homem de Almeida Correia

The recent end-to-end neural solvers have shown promise for small-scale routing problems but suffered from limited real-time scaling-up performance. This paper proposes GLOP (Global and Local Optimization Policies), a unified hierarchical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Haoran Ye , Jiarui Wang , Helan Liang , Zhiguang Cao , Yong Li , Fanzhang Li

The field of neural combinatorial optimization (NCO) trains neural policies to solve NP-hard problems such as the traveling salesperson problem (TSP). We ask whether, beyond producing good tours, a trained TSP solver learns internal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Reuben Narad , Léonard Boussioux , Michael Wagner

Combinatorial optimization algorithms for graph problems are usually designed afresh for each new problem with careful attention by an expert to the problem structure. In this work, we develop a new framework to solve any combinatorial…

Efficiently solving a vehicle routing problem (VRP) in a practical runtime is a critical challenge for delivery management companies. This paper explores both a theoretical and experimental connection between the Capacitated Vehicle Routing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-22 Abdelhakim Abdellaoui , Loubna Benabbou , Issmail El Hallaoui

Capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) is being one of the most common optimization problems in our days, considering the wide usage of routing algorithms in multiple fields such as transportation domain, food delivery, network routing,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Hassan Moussa

The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is an example of a combinatorial optimization problem that has attracted academic attention due to its potential use in various contexts. VRP aims to arrange vehicle deliveries to several sites in the most…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-08 Nishikanta Mohanty , Bikash K. Behera , Christopher Ferrie

Exploring machine learning techniques for addressing vehicle routing problems has attracted considerable research attention. To achieve decent and efficient solutions, existing deep models for vehicle routing problems are typically trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jingwen Li , Zhiguang Cao , Yaoxin Wu , Tang Liu

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem is a well-known NP-hard problem that poses the challenge of finding the optimal route of a vehicle delivering products to multiple locations. Recently, new efforts have emerged to create constructive…