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The capability of imagining internally with a mental model of the world is vitally important for human cognition. If a machine intelligent agent can learn a world model to create a "dream" environment, it can then internally ask what-if…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Minne Li , Mengyue Yang , Furui Liu , Xu Chen , Zhitang Chen , Jun Wang

Despite widespread success in language understanding and generation, large language models (LLMs) exhibit unclear and often inconsistent behavior when faced with tasks that require probabilistic reasoning. In this work, we present the first…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Mobina Pournemat , Keivan Rezaei , Gaurang Sriramanan , Arman Zarei , Jiaxiang Fu , Yang Wang , Hamid Eghbalzadeh , Soheil Feizi

We introduce the Neural State Machine, seeking to bridge the gap between the neural and symbolic views of AI and integrate their complementary strengths for the task of visual reasoning. Given an image, we first predict a probabilistic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-26 Drew A. Hudson , Christopher D. Manning

While Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) internalize a great amount of world knowledge, they have been shown incapable of recalling these knowledge to solve tasks requiring complex & multi-step reasoning. Similar to how humans develop a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Boshi Wang , Xiang Deng , Huan Sun

Despite their linguistic competence, Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle to reason reliably and flexibly. To identify these shortcomings, we introduce the Non-Linear Reasoning (NLR) dataset, a collection of 55 unique, hand-designed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Nasim Borazjanizadeh , Steven T. Piantadosi

A key missing capacity of current language models (LMs) is grounding to real-world environments. Most existing work for grounded language understanding uses LMs to directly generate plans that can be executed in the environment to achieve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Yu Gu , Xiang Deng , Yu Su

How do people understand and evaluate claims about others' beliefs, even though these beliefs cannot be directly observed? In this paper, we introduce a cognitive model of epistemic language interpretation, grounded in Bayesian inferences…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Lance Ying , Tan Zhi-Xuan , Lionel Wong , Vikash Mansinghka , Joshua B. Tenenbaum

Sentence Embedding stands as a fundamental task within the realm of Natural Language Processing, finding extensive application in search engines, expert systems, and question-and-answer platforms. With the continuous evolution of large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Bowen Zhang , Kehua Chang , Chunping Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) are often evaluated against ideals of perfect Bayesian inference, yet growing evidence suggests that their in-context reasoning exhibits systematic forgetting of past information. Rather than viewing this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Alexandros Christoforos

We investigate the extent to which modern, neural language models are susceptible to structural priming, the phenomenon whereby the structure of a sentence makes the same structure more probable in a follow-up sentence. We explore how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-30 Arabella Sinclair , Jaap Jumelet , Willem Zuidema , Raquel Fernández

We describe a generative probabilistic model of natural language, which we call HBG, that takes advantage of detailed linguistic information to resolve ambiguity. HBG incorporates lexical, syntactic, semantic, and structural information…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Ezra Black , Fred Jelinek , John Lafferty , David M. Magerman , Robert Mercer , Salim Roukos

World Models help Artificial Intelligence (AI) predict outcomes, reason about its environment, and guide decision-making. While widely used in reinforcement learning, they lack the structured, adaptive representations that even young…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Javier Del Ser , Jesus L. Lobo , Heimo Müller , Andreas Holzinger

Inductive reasoning is a core problem-solving capacity: humans can identify underlying principles from a few examples, which robustly generalize to novel scenarios. Recent work evaluates large language models (LLMs) on inductive reasoning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Ruocheng Wang , Eric Zelikman , Gabriel Poesia , Yewen Pu , Nick Haber , Noah D. Goodman

Narratives drive human behavior and lay at the core of geopolitics, but have eluded quantification that would permit measurement of their overlap and evolution. We present an interpretable model that integrates an established bag-of-words…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-25 Eric A. Bai , Minling Zhou , Ricardo Henao , Kyle M. Schwing , Lawrence Carin

Despite the broad applicability of large language models (LLMs), their reliance on probabilistic inference makes them vulnerable to errors such as hallucination in generated facts and inconsistent output structure in natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Xin Lian , Kenneth D. Forbus

In natural-language discourse, related events tend to appear near each other to describe a larger scenario. Such structures can be formalized by the notion of a frame (a.k.a. template), which comprises a set of related events and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2013-02-21 Jackie Chi Kit Cheung , Hoifung Poon , Lucy Vanderwende

Building a humanlike integrative artificial cognitive system, that is, an artificial general intelligence (AGI), is the holy grail of the artificial intelligence (AI) field. Furthermore, a computational model that enables an artificial…

A robot's ability to understand or ground natural language instructions is fundamentally tied to its knowledge about the surrounding world. We present an approach to grounding natural language utterances in the context of factual…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-11-19 Rohan Paul , Andrei Barbu , Sue Felshin , Boris Katz , Nicholas Roy

Knowledge-enhanced Pre-trained Language Model (PLM) has recently received significant attention, which aims to incorporate factual knowledge into PLMs. However, most existing methods modify the internal structures of fixed types of PLMs by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Jianing Wang , Wenkang Huang , Qiuhui Shi , Hongbin Wang , Minghui Qiu , Xiang Li , Ming Gao

Humans can reason compositionally when presented with new tasks. Previous research shows that appropriate prompting techniques enable large language models (LLMs) to solve artificial compositional generalization tasks such as SCAN. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-03 Andrew Drozdov , Nathanael Schärli , Ekin Akyürek , Nathan Scales , Xinying Song , Xinyun Chen , Olivier Bousquet , Denny Zhou