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Reservoir computing (RC) offers efficient temporal data processing with a low training cost by separating recurrent neural networks into a fixed network with recurrent connections and a trainable linear network. The quality of the fixed…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-05-17 John Moon , Wei D. Lu

Echo State Networks (ESN) are a class of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) that has gained substantial popularity due to their effectiveness, ease of use and potential for compact hardware implementation. An ESN contains the three network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-26 Luca Carcano , Emanuele Plebani , Danilo Pietro Pau , Marco Piastra

In the last decade, a new computational paradigm was introduced in the field of Machine Learning, under the name of Reservoir Computing (RC). RC models are neural networks which a recurrent part (the reservoir) that does not participate in…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2013-04-08 Sebastián Basterrech , Gerardo Rubino

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in natural language processing; however, their high computational cost remains a major bottleneck. In this study, we target computational efficiency by focusing on a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Takumi Shiratsuchi , Yuichiro Tanaka , Hakaru Tamukoh

We present a differentiable stack data structure that simultaneously and tractably encodes an exponential number of stack configurations, based on Lang's algorithm for simulating nondeterministic pushdown automata. We call the combination…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Brian DuSell , David Chiang

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are a widely used deep architecture for sequence modeling, generation, and prediction. Despite success in applications such as machine translation and voice recognition, these stateful models have several…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-23 Ankur Mali , Alexander Ororbia , Daniel Kifer , Clyde Lee Giles

We introduce a novel class of untrained Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) within the Reservoir Computing (RC) paradigm, called Residual Reservoir Memory Networks (ResRMNs). ResRMN combines a linear memory reservoir with a non-linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Matteo Pinna , Andrea Ceni , Claudio Gallicchio

Recurrent networks are a special class of artificial neural systems that use their internal states to perform computing tasks for machine learning. One of its state-of-the-art developments, i.e. reservoir computing (RC), uses the internal…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2022-11-02 Valeria d'Andrea , Michele Puppin , Manlio De Domenico

In reservoir computing, an input sequence is processed by a recurrent neural network, the reservoir, which transforms it into a spatial pattern that a shallow readout network can then exploit for tasks such as memorization and time-series…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Denis Kleyko , Christopher J. Kymn , E. Paxon Frady , Amy Loutfi , Friedrich T. Sommer

Reservoir computing is a popular approach to design recurrent neural networks, due to its training simplicity and approximation performance. The recurrent part of these networks is not trained (e.g., via gradient descent), making them…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-02-15 Pietro Verzelli , Cesare Alippi , Lorenzo Livi , Peter Tino

Sequence classification is essential in NLP for understanding and categorizing language patterns in tasks like sentiment analysis, intent detection, and topic classification. Transformer-based models, despite achieving state-of-the-art…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Hongbo Liu , Jia Xu

Reservoir computing is a computational framework suited for temporal/sequential data processing. It is derived from several recurrent neural network models, including echo state networks and liquid state machines. A reservoir computing…

Natural languages are believed to be (mildly) context-sensitive. Despite underpinning remarkably capable large language models, transformers are unable to model many context-free language tasks. In an attempt to address this limitation in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Jiaoda Li , Jennifer C. White , Mrinmaya Sachan , Ryan Cotterell

Traditional recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have a fixed, finite number of memory cells. In theory (assuming bounded range and precision), this limits their formal language recognition power to regular languages, and in practice, RNNs have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Brian DuSell , David Chiang

Reservoir computing, a recurrent neural network paradigm in which only the output layer is trained, has demonstrated remarkable performance on tasks such as prediction and control of nonlinear systems. Recently, it was demonstrated that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Joseph D. Hart , Francesco Sorrentino , Thomas L. Carroll

Reservoir Computing Networks (RCNs) belong to a group of machine learning techniques that project the input space non-linearly into a high-dimensional feature space, where the underlying task can be solved linearly. Popular variants of RCNs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Peter Steiner , Azarakhsh Jalalvand , Simon Stone , Peter Birkholz

We introduce three memory-augmented Recurrent Neural Networks (MARNNs) and explore their capabilities on a series of simple language modeling tasks whose solutions require stack-based mechanisms. We provide the first demonstration of neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Mirac Suzgun , Sebastian Gehrmann , Yonatan Belinkov , Stuart M. Shieber

The implementation of artificial neural networks in hardware substrates is a major interdisciplinary enterprise. Well suited candidates for physical implementations must combine nonlinear neurons with dedicated and efficient hardware…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-08-22 Xavier Porte , Louis Andreoli , Maxime Jacquot , Laurent Larger , Daniel Brunner

Reservoir computing (RC) offers a neuromorphic framework that is particularly effective for processing spatiotemporal signals. Known for its temporal processing prowess, RC significantly lowers training costs compared to conventional…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Ankur Singh , Sanghyeon Choi , Gunuk Wang , Maryaradhiya Daimari , Byung-Geun Lee

Multifunctionality is a well observed phenomenological feature of biological neural networks and considered to be of fundamental importance to the survival of certain species over time. These multifunctional neural networks are capable of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-02-03 Andrew Flynn , Vassilios A. Tsachouridis , Andreas Amann