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This paper presents a \textit{physics-based} steady-state equivalent circuit model of a two-stage bidirectional inverter. These inverters connect distributed energy resources (DERs), such as photovoltaic (PV) and battery systems, to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-21 Emmanuel O. Badmus , Amritanshu Pandey

Smart distribution grid with multiple renewable energy sources can experience random voltage fluctuations due to variable generation, which may result in voltage violations. Traditional voltage control algorithms are inadequate to handle…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-04 Sai Munikoti , Mohammad Abujubbeh , Kumarsinh Jhala , Balasubramaniam Natarajan

This paper proposes a multi-objective optimization (MOO) approach for grid-level frequency regulation by aggregating inverter-based resources (IBRs). Virtual power plants (VPPs), acting as aggregators, can efficiently respond to dynamic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-17 Xiang Zhu , Hua Geng , Hongyang Qing , Xin Zou

This paper presents a novel distributed optimal power flow (DOPF) method for fair distributed energy resource (DER) coordination in the context of mandated rooftop PV inverter control modes. In practice, inverter reactive power control is…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2022-03-10 Daniel Gebbran , Sleiman Mhanna , Yiju Ma , Archie C. Chapman , Gregor Verbic

The decarbonization of the energy sector has led to a significant high penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs), particularly photovoltaic (PV) systems, in low-voltage (LV) distribution networks. To maintain grid stability, recent…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-05 S. Gokul Krishnan , Mohd. Asim Aftab , Nabil Mohammed , Shehab Ahmed , Charalambos Konstantinou

Active distribution networks (ADNs) incorporating massive photovoltaic (PV) devices encounter challenges of rapid voltage fluctuations and potential violations. Due to the fluctuation and intermittency of PV generation, the state gap,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-28 Hong Cheng , Huan Luo , Zhi Liu , Wei Sun , Weitao Li , Qiyue Li

We consider the problem of voltage stability and reactive power balancing in islanded small-scale electrical networks outfitted with DC/AC inverters ("microgrids"). A droop-like voltage feedback controller is proposed which is quadratic in…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-09-21 John W. Simpson-Porco , Florian Dorfler , Francesco Bullo

The Model Predictive Control (MPC) approach is used in this paper to control the voltage profiles in MV networks with distributed generation. The proposed algorithm lies at the intermediate level of a three-layer hierarchical structure. At…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2013-11-15 Marcello Farina , Antonio Guagliardi , Federico Mariani , Carlo Sandroni , Riccardo Scattolini

The widespread deployment of inverter-based resources (IBRs) renders distribution systems susceptible to transmission-level faults. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the impact of transmission-level faults on 3-phase and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-02 Qi Xiao , Jongha Woo , Lidong Song , Bei Xu , David Lubkeman , Ning Lu , Abdul Shafae Mohammed , Johan Enslin , Cara De Coste Chacko , Kat Sico , Steven G. Whisenant

Forming a microgrid on a distribution system with large scale outage after a severe weather event is emerging as a viable solution to improve resiliency at the distribution level. This option becomes more attractive when the distribution…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-24 Valliappan Muthukaruppan , Ashwin Shirsat , Rongxing Hu , Victor Paduani , Bei Xu , Yiyan Li , Mesut Baran , Ning Lu , David Lubkeman , Wenyuan Tang

Due to the energy crisis and environmental pollution, the installed capacity of inverter-based resources (IBRs) in power grids is rapidly increasing, and grid-following control (GFL) is the most prevalent at present. Meanwhile, grid-forming…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-05 Yinhong Lin , Bin Wang , Qinglai Guo , Haotian Zhao , Hongbin Sun

The rise in residential photovoltaics and other distributed energy sources poses unprecedented challenges for the operation of power distribution grids. When high amounts of active power are injected into the grid by such power sources, the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-01 Jonas G. Matt , Lukas Ortmann , Saverio Bolognani , Florian Dörfler

Fast-response voltage regulation is essential for data-center Voltage Regulation Modules (VRMs) powering Artificial Intelligence (AI) workloads, which exhibit both small-amplitude fluctuations and abrupt full-load steps. This paper…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-08-27 Guanyu Qian , Haoxian Yan , Xiaofan Cui

Virtual Oscillator (VO) control is the latest and promising control technique for grid-forming and grid-supporting inverters. VO Controllers (VOCs) provide time-domain synchronization with a connected electrical network. At the same time, a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-25 Ritwik Ghosh , Narsa Reddy Tummuru , Bharat Singh Rajpuohit

A one-step two-critic deep reinforcement learning (OSTC-DRL) approach for inverter-based volt-var control (IB-VVC) in active distribution networks is proposed in this paper. Firstly, considering IB-VVC can be formulated as a single-period…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Qiong Liu , Ye Guo , Lirong Deng , Haotian Liu , Dongyu Li , Hongbin Sun , Wenqi Huang

This paper address the optimal voltage control problem of distribution systems with high penetration of inverter-based renewable energy resources, under inaccurate model information. We propose the online exponential barrier method that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-14 Peng Zhang , Baosen Zhang

This paper address the problem of voltage regulation in power distribution networks with deep penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) without any explicit communication between the buses in the network. We cast the problem as an…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2013-08-02 Baosen Zhang , Alejandro D. Domiguez-Garcia , David Tse

Inverter-based distributed energy resources facilitate the advanced voltage control algorithms in the online setting with the flexibility in both active and reactive power injections. A key challenge is to continuously track the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-03 Peng Zhang , Baosen Zhang

The integration of a high share of solar photovoltaics (PV) in distribution networks requires advanced voltage control technologies or network augmentation, both associated with significant investment costs. An alternative is to prevent new…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-02-17 Peter Lusis , Shantanu Chakraborty , Lachlan L H Andrew , Ariel Liebman , Guido Tack

We consider the problem of controlling the voltage of a distribution feeder using the reactive power capabilities of inverters. On a real distribution grid, we compare the local Volt/VAr droop control recommended in recent grid codes, a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-22 Lukas Ortmann , Adrian Hauswirth , Ivo Caduff , Florian Dörfler , Saverio Bolognani
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