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Intelligent Tutoring Systems have become critically important in future learning environments. Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a crucial part of that system. It is about inferring the skill mastery of students and predicting their performance to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Sein Minn , Jill-Jenn Vie , Koh Takeuchi , Hisashi Kashima , Feida Zhu

Knowledge tracing (KT) enhances student learning by leveraging past performance to predict future performance. Current research utilizes models based on attention mechanisms and recurrent neural network structures to capture long-term…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Yang Cao , Wei Zhang

In theoretical cognitive science, there is a tension between highly structured models whose parameters have a direct psychological interpretation and highly complex, general-purpose models whose parameters and representations are difficult…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-06-22 Mohammad Khajah , Robert V. Lindsey , Michael C. Mozer

Knowledge tracing (KT) models, e.g., the deep knowledge tracing (DKT) model, track an individual learner's acquisition of skills over time by examining the learner's performance on questions related to those skills. A practical limitation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-27 Shashank Sonkar , Andrew E. Waters , Andrew S. Lan , Phillip J. Grimaldi , Richard G. Baraniuk

Recent student knowledge modeling algorithms such as Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT) and Dynamic Key-Value Memory Networks (DKVMN) have been shown to produce accurate predictions of problem correctness within the same learning system. However,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-09-02 Richard Scruggs , Ryan S. Baker , Bruce M. McLaren

Knowledge tracing (KT) models are a crucial basis for pedagogical decision-making, namely which task to select next for a learner and when to stop teaching a particular skill. Given the high stakes of pedagogical decisions, KT models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Adia Khalid , Alina Deriyeva , Benjamin Paassen

Knowledge Tracing (KT) serves as a fundamental component of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), enabling these systems to monitor and understand learners' progress by modeling their knowledge state. However, many existing KT models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Jing Xiao , Chang You , Zhiyu Chen

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to model a student's learning state over time and predict their future performance. However, traditional KT methods often face challenges in explainability, scalability, and effective modeling of complex…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Runze Li , Siyu Wu , Jun Wang , Wei Zhang

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a critical task in online learning for modeling student knowledge over time. Despite the success of deep learning-based KT models, which rely on sequences of numbers as data, most existing approaches fail to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Unggi Lee , Jiyeong Bae , Dohee Kim , Sookbun Lee , Jaekwon Park , Taekyung Ahn , Gunho Lee , Damji Stratton , Hyeoncheol Kim

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is committed to capturing students' knowledge mastery from their historical interactions. Simulating students' memory states is a promising approach to enhance both the performance and interpretability of knowledge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Mingrong Lin , Ke Deng , Zhengyang Wu , Zetao Zheng , Jie Li

Knowledge tracing (KT) is the problem of predicting students' future performance based on their historical interactions with intelligent tutoring systems. Recently, many works present lots of special methods for applying deep neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Zitao Liu , Qiongqiong Liu , Jiahao Chen , Shuyan Huang , Weiqi Luo

The field of Knowledge Tracing aims to understand how students learn and master knowledge over time by analyzing their historical behaviour data. To achieve this goal, many researchers have proposed Knowledge Tracing models that use data…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Zhaoxing Li , Jujie Yang , Jindi Wang , Lei Shi , Sebastian Stein

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a research field that aims to estimate a student's knowledge state through learning interactions-a crucial component of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs). Despite significant advancements, no current KT models…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Yongwan Cho , Rabia Emhamed AlMamlook , Tasnim Gharaibeh

Bayesian Networks (BNs) are used in various fields for modeling, prediction, and decision making. pgmpy is a python package that provides a collection of algorithms and tools to work with BNs and related models. It implements algorithms for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Ankur Ankan , Johannes Textor

Knowledge tracing (KT) is the problem of predicting students' future performance based on their historical interaction sequences. With the advanced capability of capturing contextual long-term dependency, attention mechanism becomes one of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Shuyan Huang , Zitao Liu , Xiangyu Zhao , Weiqi Luo , Jian Weng

With advancement in computer science research on artificial intelligence and in cognitive psychology research on human learning and performance, the next generation of computer-based tutoring systems moved beyond the simple presentation of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2013-03-01 R. Santhi , B. Priya , J. M. Nandhini

In the realm of Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS), the accurate assessment of students' knowledge states through Knowledge Tracing (KT) is crucial for personalized learning. However, due to data bias, $\textit{i.e.}$, the unbalanced…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Yiyun Zhou , Zheqi Lv , Shengyu Zhang , Jingyuan Chen

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a critical component in online learning, but traditional approaches face limitations in interpretability and cross-domain adaptability. This paper introduces Language Model-based Code Knowledge Tracing (CodeLKT),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Unggi Lee , Jiyeong Bae , Yeonji Jung , Minji Kang , Gyuri Byun , Yeonseo Lee , Dohee Kim , Sookbun Lee , Jaekwon Park , Taekyung Ahn , Gunho Lee , Hyeoncheol Kim

Knowledge tracing (KT) models are a popular approach for predicting students' future performance at practice problems using their prior attempts. Though many innovations have been made in KT, most models including the state-of-the-art Deep…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-09 Yang Shi , Min Chi , Tiffany Barnes , Thomas Price

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a critical technique for modeling student knowledge to support personalized learning. However, most KT systems focus on binary correctness prediction and cannot diagnose the underlying conceptual misunderstandings…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Yu-Chen Kang , Yu-Chien Tang , An-Zi Yen