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We present ObjectBox, a novel single-stage anchor-free and highly generalizable object detection approach. As opposed to both existing anchor-based and anchor-free detectors, which are more biased toward specific object scales in their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Mohsen Zand , Ali Etemad , Michael Greenspan

The localization quality of automatic object detectors is typically evaluated by the Intersection over Union (IoU) score. In this work, we show that humans have a different view on localization quality. To evaluate this, we conduct a survey…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-29 Ombretta Strafforello , Vanathi Rajasekart , Osman S. Kayhan , Oana Inel , Jan van Gemert

Object detection is an important part in the field of computer vision, and the effect of object detection is directly determined by the regression accuracy of the prediction box. As the key to model training, IoU (Intersection over Union)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Xiangjie Luo , Zhihao Cai , Bo Shao , Yingxun Wang

We introduce a novel Interval Bound Propagation (IBP) approach for the formal verification of object detection models, specifically targeting the Intersection over Union (IoU) metric. The approach has been implemented in an open source…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Noémie Cohen , Mélanie Ducoffe , Ryma Boumazouza , Christophe Gabreau , Claire Pagetti , Xavier Pucel , Audrey Galametz

Since Intersection-over-Union (IoU) based optimization maintains the consistency of the final IoU prediction metric and losses, it has been widely used in both regression and classification branches of single-stage 2D object detectors.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-21 Hualian Sheng , Sijia Cai , Na Zhao , Bing Deng , Jianqiang Huang , Xian-Sheng Hua , Min-Jian Zhao , Gim Hee Lee

This paper introduces Generalized Mask-aware Intersection-over-Union (GmaIoU) as a new measure for positive-negative assignment of anchor boxes during training of instance segmentation methods. Unlike conventional IoU measure or its…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Barış Can Çam , Kemal Öksüz , Fehmi Kahraman , Zeynep Sonat Baltacı , Sinan Kalkan , Emre Akbaş

Object detection using an oriented bounding box (OBB) can better target rotated objects by reducing the overlap with background areas. Existing OBB approaches are mostly built on horizontal bounding box detectors by introducing an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Zhiming Chen , Kean Chen , Weiyao Lin , John See , Hui Yu , Yan Ke , Cong Yang

We focus on the construction of a loss function for the bounding box regression. The Intersection over Union (IoU) metric is improved to converge faster, to make the surface of the loss function smooth and continuous over the whole searched…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-29 Petra Števuliáková , Petr Hurtik

Bounding box regression is the crucial step in object detection. In existing methods, while $\ell_n$-norm loss is widely adopted for bounding box regression, it is not tailored to the evaluation metric, i.e., Intersection over Union (IoU).…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-11-20 Zhaohui Zheng , Ping Wang , Wei Liu , Jinze Li , Rongguang Ye , Dongwei Ren

Bounding box regression plays a crucial role in the field of object detection, and the positioning accuracy of object detection largely depends on the loss function of bounding box regression. Existing researchs improve regression…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Hao Zhang , Shuaijie Zhang

In one-stage multi-object detection tasks, various intersection over union (IoU)-based solutions aim at smooth and stable convergence near the targets during training. However, IoU-based losses fail to correctly update the gradient of small…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Dian Ning , Dong Seog Han

Most existing trackers are based on using a classifier and multi-scale estimation to estimate the target state. Consequently, and as expected, trackers have become more stable while tracking accuracy has stagnated. While trackers adopt a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Di Yuan , Xiu Shu , Nana Fan , Xiaojun Chang , Qiao Liu , Zhenyu He

Anchor-free detectors basically formulate object detection as dense classification and regression. For popular anchor-free detectors, it is common to introduce an individual prediction branch to estimate the quality of localization. The…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-30 Hu Su , Yonghao He , Rui Jiang , Jiabin Zhang , Wei Zou , Bin Fan

Accurate pedestrian classification and localization have received considerable attention due to their wide applications such as security monitoring, autonomous driving, etc. Although pedestrian detectors have made great progress in recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-19 Yan Luo , Chongyang Zhang , Muming Zhao , Hao Zhou , Jun Sun

Training a robust classifier and an accurate box regressor are difficult for occluded pedestrian detection. Traditionally adopted Intersection over Union (IoU) measurement does not consider the occluded region of the object and leads to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Ruiqi Lu , Huimin Ma

Current anchor-free object detectors label all the features that spatially fall inside a predefined central region of a ground-truth box as positive. This approach causes label noise during training, since some of these positively labeled…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-17 Nermin Samet , Samet Hicsonmez , Emre Akbas

This paper presents an efficient way of detecting directed objects by predicting their center coordinates and direction angle. Since the objects are of uniform size, the proposed model works without predicting the object's width and height.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Đorđe Nedeljković

The most popular evaluation metric for object detection in 2D images is Intersection over Union (IoU). Existing implementations of the IoU metric for 3D object detection usually neglect one or more degrees of freedom. In this paper, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-14 Michael G. Adam , Martin Piccolrovazzi , Sebastian Eger , Eckehard Steinbach

In 2D/3D object detection task, Intersection-over-Union (IoU) has been widely employed as an evaluation metric to evaluate the performance of different detectors in the testing stage. However, during the training stage, the common distance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-13 Dingfu Zhou , Jin Fang , Xibin Song , Chenye Guan , Junbo Yin , Yuchao Dai , Ruigang Yang

The CenterTrack tracking algorithm achieves state-of-the-art tracking performance using a simple detection model and single-frame spatial offsets to localize objects and predict their associations in a single network. However, this joint…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Nanyang Yang , Yi Wang , Lap-Pui Chau