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Conversational agents (CAs) are revolutionizing human-computer interaction by evolving from text-based chatbots to empathetic digital humans (DHs) capable of rich emotional expressions. This paper explores the integration of neural and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Nastaran Saffaryazdi , Tamil Selvan Gunasekaran , Kate Laveys , Elizabeth Broadbent , Mark Billinghurst

With the rapid development of large language models, AI assistants like ChatGPT have become increasingly integrated into people's works and lives but are limited in personalized services. In this paper, we present a plug-and-play framework…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Ruifeng Yuan , Shichao Sun , Yongqi Li , Zili Wang , Ziqiang Cao , Wenjie Li

Making the interaction with embodied conversational agents accessible in a ubiquitous and natural manner is not only a question of the underlying software but also brings challenges in terms of the technical system that is used to display…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Carolin Schindler , Daiki Mayumi , Yuki Matsuda , Niklas Rach , Keiichi Yasumoto , Wolfgang Minker

In this chapter, we provide a review of conversational agents (CAs), discussing chatbots, intended for casual conversation with a user, as well as task-oriented agents that generally engage in discussions intended to reach one or several…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Mattias Wahde , Marco Virgolin

Conversational Intelligence requires that a person engage on informational, personal and relational levels. Advances in Natural Language Understanding have helped recent chatbots succeed at dialog on the informational level. However,…

It may be difficult for some individuals to open up and share their thoughts and feelings in front of a mental health expert. For those who are more at ease with a virtual agent, conversational agents can serve as an intermediate step in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-17 Harsh Sakhrani , Saloni Parekh , Shubham Mahajan

State-of-the-art neural dialogue systems excel at syntactic and semantic modelling of language, but often have a hard time establishing emotional alignment with the human interactant during a conversation. In this work, we bring Affect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-17 Nabiha Asghar , Ivan Kobyzev , Jesse Hoey , Pascal Poupart , Muhammad Bilal Sheikh

Conversational AI agents are proliferating, embodying a range of devices such as smart speakers, smart displays, robots, cars, and more. We can envision a future where a personal conversational agent could migrate across different form…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Ravi Tejwani , Felipe Moreno , Sooyeon Jeong , Hae Won Park , Cynthia Breazeal

Generic AI auto-complete for message composition often fails to capture the nuance of personal identity, requiring editing. While harmless in low-stakes settings, for users of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) devices, who…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Tobias M. Weinberg , Ricardo E. Gonzalez Penuela , Stephanie Valencia , Thijs Roumen

In conflict, people use emotional expressions to shape their counterparts' thoughts, feelings, and actions. This paper explores whether automatic text emotion recognition offers insight into this influence in the context of dispute…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Sushrita Rakshit , James Hale , Kushal Chawla , Jeanne M. Brett , Jonathan Gratch

Negotiation is a complex social interaction that encapsulates emotional encounters in human decision-making. Virtual agents that can negotiate with humans are useful in pedagogy and conversational AI. To advance the development of such…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-07-29 Kushal Chawla , Rene Clever , Jaysa Ramirez , Gale Lucas , Jonathan Gratch

Heuristics and cognitive biases are an integral part of human decision-making. Automatically detecting a particular cognitive bias could enable intelligent tools to provide better decision-support. Detecting the presence of a cognitive bias…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Stephen Pilli

Storytelling is fundamental to language, including culture, conversation and communication in their broadest senses. It thus emerges as an essential component of intelligent systems, including systems where natural language is not a primary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-07-23 David M W Powers

A conversational agent (chatbot) is a piece of software that is able to communicate with humans using natural language. Modeling conversation is an important task in natural language processing and artificial intelligence. While chatbots…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-26 Richard Csaky

An Intelligent Personal Agent (IPA) is an agent that has the purpose of helping the user to gain information through reliable resources with the help of knowledge navigation techniques and saving time to search the best content. The agent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-05-01 Amit Kumar , Rahul Dutta , Harbhajan Rai

Current conversational AI systems aim to understand a set of pre-designed requests and execute related actions, which limits them to evolve naturally and adapt based on human interactions. Motivated by how children learn their first…

One of the long-term goals of artificial intelligence is to build an agent that can communicate intelligently with human in natural language. Most existing work on natural language learning relies heavily on training over a pre-collected…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-05-30 Haichao Zhang , Haonan Yu , Wei Xu

High-tech Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) has been rapidly advancing in recent years due to the increased use of large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, but many of these techniques are integrated without the inclusion…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Lara J. Martin , Malathy Nagalakshmi

The fields of human-robot interaction (HRI) and embodied conversational agents (ECAs) have long studied how empathy could be implemented in machines. One of the major drivers has been the goal of giving multimodal social and emotional…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Angelica Lim , Ö. Nilay Yalçin

Modern day conversational agents are trained to emulate the manner in which humans communicate. To emotionally bond with the user, these virtual agents need to be aware of the affective state of the user. Transformers are the recent state…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Raman Goel , Seba Susan , Sachin Vashisht , Armaan Dhanda