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Landauer's principle states that information erasure requires heat dissipation. Landauer's original result focused on equilibrium memories. We here investigate the reset of information stored in a nonequilibrium state of a symmetric…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-06-05 Michael Konopik , Alexander Friedenberger , Nikolai Kiesel , Eric Lutz

One of the major resource requirements of computers - ranging from biological cells to human brains to high-performance (engineered) computers - is the energy used to run them. Those costs of performing a computation have long been a focus…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-08-06 David H. Wolpert

According to Landauer's principle, erasing a memory requires an average work of at least $kT\ln2$ per bit. Recent experiments have confirmed this prediction for a one-bit memory represented by a symmetric double-well potential. Here, we…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-11-15 Momčilo Gavrilov , John Bechhoefer

Landauer's principle gives a fundamental limit to the thermodynamic cost of erasing information. Its saturation requires a reversible isothermal process, and hence infinite time. We develop a finite-time version of Landauer's principle for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-08 Alberto Rolandi , Martí Perarnau-Llobet

The Landauer principle bridges the energetic cost and information processing, showing that irreversible computation inevitably demands energy dissipation. As energy demands from computation continue to rise, approximate computing has…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-26 Yoshihiko Hasegawa

A restricted form of Landauer's Principle, independent of computational considerations, is shown to hold for thermal systems by reference to the joint entropy associated with conjugate observables. It is shown that the source of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-15 R. E. Kastner , Andreas Schlatter

The clean world of digital information is based on noisy physical devices. Landauer's principle provides a deep connection between information processing and the underlying thermodynamics by setting a lower limit on the energy consumption…

Biological organisms must perform computation as they grow, reproduce, and evolve. Moreover, ever since Landauer's bound was proposed it has been known that all computation has some thermodynamic cost -- and that the same computation can be…

Other Quantitative Biology · Quantitative Biology 2018-02-07 Christopher P. Kempes , David Wolpert , Zachary Cohen , Juan Pérez-Mercader

The erasure of a bit of information encoded in a physical system is an irreversible operation bound to dissipate an amount of energy $Q = k_\text{B} T\ln 2$. As a result, work $W \geq Q$ has to be applied to the physical system to restore…

We briefly address Landauer's Principle and some related issues in thermal demons. We show that an error-free Turing computer works in the zero-entropy limit, which proves Landauer's derivation incorrect. To have a physical logic gate,…

General Physics · Physics 2015-06-23 Laszlo B. Kish , Claes-Goran Granqvist , Sunil P. Khatri , Janusz Smulko

Landauer's principle states that the erasure of information must be a dissipative process. In this paper, we carefully analyze the recording and erasure of information on a physical memory. On the one hand, we show that in order to record…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-15 Léo Granger , Holger Kantz

The fundamental lower bounds of the thermodynamic energy cost (work) needed for the measurement and the erasure of information are found. The lower bound for the erasure vindicates the "Landauer's principle" for a special case, but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Takahiro Sagawa , Masahito Ueda

One of the primary motivations of the research in the field of computation is to optimize the cost of computation. The major ingredient that a computer needs is the energy to run a process, i.e., the thermodynamic cost. The analysis of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-28 Pritam Chattopadhyay , Goutam Paul

Since reversible computing requires preservation of all information throughout the entire computational process, this implies that all errors that appear as a result of the interaction of the information-carrying system with uncontrolled…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Lev B. Levitin , Tommaso Toffoli

We consider how the energy cost of bit reset scales with the time duration of the protocol. Bit reset necessarily takes place in finite time, where there is an extra penalty on top of the quasistatic work cost derived by Landauer. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-23 Yi-Zheng Zhen , Dario Egloff , Kavan Modi , Oscar Dahlsten

Memory latency, bandwidth, capacity, and energy increasingly limit performance. In this paper, we reconsider proposed system architectures that consist of huge (many-terabyte to petabyte scale) memories shared among large numbers of CPUs.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Samuel Dayo , Shuhan Liu , Peijing Li , Philip Levis , Subhasish Mitra , Thierry Tambe , David Tennenhouse , H. -S. Philip Wong

A Brownian particle in a symmetric double well potential is used as a representation for a single bit memory, where, the location of the particle in either well denotes one of the two states of a single bit memory. This article analyzes the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-04-06 Saurav Talukdar , Shreyas Bhaban , James Melbourne , Murti V. Salapaka

The construction of models from data is a significant contributor to the energetic costs of computation. Because of this, understanding how foundational thermodynamic bounds apply to modeling algorithms will be increasingly important. Here,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-20 Samuel H. D'Ambrosia , Sultan M. Daniels , Michael R. DeWeese , Anant Sahai

Landauer erasure seems to provide a powerful link between thermodynamics and information processing (logical computation). The only logical operations that require a generation of heat are logically irreversible ones, with the minimum heat…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2009-12-11 O. J. E. Maroney

Landauer's principle, often regarded as the foundation of the thermodynamics of information processing, holds that any logically irreversible manipulation of information, such as the erasure of a bit or the merging of two computation paths,…

Classical Physics · Physics 2011-01-11 Charles H. Bennett