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This is an article or technical note which is intended to provides an insight journey of Machine Learning Systems (MLS) testing, its evolution, current paradigm and future work. Machine Learning Models, used in critical applications such as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Raju

Mutation testing was proposed to identify weaknesses in test suites by repeatedly generating artificially faulty versions of the software (mutants) and determining if the test suite is sufficient to detect them (kill them). When the tests…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Hang Du , Vijay Krishna Palepu , James A. Jones

In many applications of machine learning (ML), updates are performed with the goal of enhancing model performance. However, current practices for updating models rely solely on isolated, aggregate performance analyses, overlooking important…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-12 Megha Srivastava , Besmira Nushi , Ece Kamar , Shital Shah , Eric Horvitz

Test case maintainability is an important concern, especially in open source and distributed development environments where projects typically have high contributor turnover with varying backgrounds and experience, and where code ownership…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-10-01 Danielle Gonzalez , Joanna C. S. Santos , Andrew Popovich , Mehdi Mirakhorli , Mei Nagappan

Mutation testing is an established software quality assurance technique for the assessment of test suites. While it is well-suited to estimate the general fault-revealing capability of a test suite, it is not practical and informative when…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Ezio Bartocci , Leonardo Mariani , Dejan Nickovic , Drishti Yadav

Quantum machine learning integrates the strengths of quantum computing and machine learning, enabling models to learn complex features using fewer parameters than their classical counterparts. Due to the increasing complexity of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-04 Emma Andrews , Prabhat Mishra

Modifications to open-source software (OSS) are often provided in the form of "patch stacks" - sets of changes (patches) that modify a given body of source code. Maintaining patch stacks over extended periods of time is problematic when the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-09-03 Ralf Ramsauer , Daniel Lohmann , Wolfgang Mauerer

Background. Women bring unique problem-solving skills to software development, often favoring a holistic approach and attention to detail. In software testing, precision and attention to detail are essential as professionals explore system…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Kleice Silva , Ann Barcomb , Ronnie de Souza Santos

Modern programming languages (e.g., Java and C#) provide features to separate error-handling code from regular code, seeking to enhance software comprehensibility and maintainability. Nevertheless, the way exception handling (EH) code is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Luan P. Lima , Lincoln S. Rocha , Carla I. M. Bezerra , Matheus Paixao

Software systems are getting more complex as the system grows where maintaining such system is a primary concern for the industry. Code clone is one of the factors making software maintenance more difficult. It is a process of replicating…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2012-05-28 Md. Monzur Morshed , Md. Arifur Rahman , Salah Uddin Ahmed

Industrial robotic systems (IRS) are increasingly deployed in diverse environments, where failures can result in severe accidents and costly downtime. Ensuring the reliability of the software controlling these systems is therefore critical.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Marcela Gonçalves dos Santos , Sylvain Hallé , Fábio Petrillo

Code cloning is not only assumed to inflate maintenance costs but also considered defect-prone as inconsistent changes to code duplicates can lead to unexpected behavior. Consequently, the identification of duplicated code, clone detection,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-11-15 Elmar Juergens , Florian Deissenboeck , Benjamin Hummel , Stefan Wagner

Code coverage is a popular and widespread test adequacy metric that measures the percentage of program codes executed by a test suite. Despite its popularity, code coverage has several limitations. One of the major limitations is that it…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Soneya Binta Hossain , Matthew B. Dwyer

The regression test suite, a key resource for managing program evolution, needs to achieve 100% coverage, or very close, to be useful. Devising a test suite manually is unacceptably tedious, but existing automated methods are often…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-11 Li Huang , Bertrand Meyer , Manuel Oriol

Machine learning (ML) provides us with numerous opportunities, allowing ML systems to adapt to new situations and contexts. At the same time, this adaptability raises uncertainties concerning the run-time product quality or dependability,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Lalli Myllyaho , Mikko Raatikainen , Tomi Männistö , Jukka K. Nurminen , Tommi Mikkonen

Software testing ensures that a system functions correctly, meets specified requirements, and maintains high quality. As artificial intelligence and machine learning (ML) technologies become integral to software systems, testing has evolved…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Ronnie de Souza Santos , Matheus de Morais Leca , Reydne Santos , Cleyton Magalhaes

Mutation analysis is an effective technique to evaluate a test suite adequacy in terms of revealing unforeseen bugs in software. Traditional source- or IR-level mutation analysis is not applicable to the software only available in binary…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Mohsen Ahmadi , Pantea Kiaei , Navid Emamdoost

Neutral landscapes and mutational robustness are believed to be important enablers of evolvability in biology. We apply these concepts to software, defining mutational robustness to be the fraction of random mutations that leave a program's…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2013-06-28 Eric Schulte , Zachary P. Fry , Ethan Fast , Westley Weimer , Stephanie Forrest

Software product lines have recently been presented as one of the best promising improvements for the efficient software development. Different research works contribute supportive parameters and negotiations regarding the problems of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-03-13 Furrakh Shahzad , Maruf Pasha , Urooj Pasha , Bushra Majeed , Khurram Shahzad

Mutation testing is a well-established technique for assessing a test suite's quality by injecting artificial faults into production code. In recent years, mutation testing has been extended to machine learning (ML) systems, and deep…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Annibale Panichella , Cynthia C. S. Liem