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Device-independent quantum random number generators (DI-QRNGs) are crucial for information processing, ensuring certified quantumness and genuine randomness. However, existing implementations often face low bit rates due to quantumness…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-25 Ayan Kumar Nai , Vimlesh Kumar , M. Ebrahim-Zadeh , G. K. Samanta

To generate genuine random numbers, random number generators based on quantum theory are essential. However, ensuring that the process used to produce randomness meets desired security standards can pose challenges for traditional quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-23 Rutvij Bhavsar

Source independent quantum random number generators (SI-QRNG) are cryptographic protocols which attempt to extract random strings from quantum sources where the source is under the control of an adversary while the measurement devices are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-07 Minwoo Bae , Walter O. Krawec

Device and semi-device independent quantum randomness generators (DI- and SDI-QRNGs) are crucial for applications requiring private randomness. However, they are vulnerable to detection inefficiency attacks and this limits severely their…

Random numbers are a fundamental ingredient for many applications including simulation, modelling and cryptography. Sound random numbers should be independent and uniformly distributed. Moreover, for cryptographic applications they should…

Random Number Generators (RNGs) are crucial for applications ranging from cryptography to simulations. Depending on the source of randomness, RNGs are classified into Pseudo-Random Number Generators (PRNGs), True Random Number Generators…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Anurag K. S. V. , Shubham Chouhan , K. Srinivasan , G. Raghavan , Kanaka Raju P

Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNGs) emerged as a promising solution for generating truly random numbers. In the present article, we give an overview of QRNGs highlighting the merits and demerits of various strategies briefly. Then…

The security of electronic devices has become a key requisite for the rapidly-expanding pervasive and hyper-connected world. Robust security protocols ensuring secure communication, device's resilience to attacks, authentication control and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-15 Francesco Regazzoni , Emna Amri , Samuel Burri , Davide Rusca , Hugo Zbinden , Edoardo Charbon

Quantum random number (QRNG) beacons distinguish themselves from classical counterparts by providing intrinsic unpredictability originating from the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics. Most demonstrations have focused on certifiable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-30 Lac Nguyen , Jeevanandha Ramanathan , Michelle Mei Wang , Yong Meng Sua , Yuping Huang

The power of quantum random number generation is more than just the ability to create truly random numbers$\unicode{x2013}$it can also enable self-testing, which allows the user to verify the implementation integrity of certain critical…

We present a high-speed continuous-variable quantum random number generator (QRNG) based on heterodyne detection of vacuum fluctuations. The scheme follows a source-device-independent (SDI) security model in which the entropy originates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Marius Cizauskas , Hamid Tebyanian , Mark Fox , Manfred Bayer , Marc Assmann , Alex Greilich

The semi-source independent quantum walk random number generator (SI-QW-QRNG) is a cryptographic protocol that extracts a string of true random bits from a quantum random walk with an adversary controls a randomness source, but the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-13 Minu J. Bae

How much cryptographically-secure randomness can be extracted from a quantum state? This fundamental question probes the absolute limits of quantum random number generation (QRNG) and yet, despite the technological maturity of QRNGs, it…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-05 Kriss Gutierrez Anco , Tristan Nemoz , Peter Brown

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) based on semiconductor laser phase noise are an inexpensive and efficient resource for true random numbers. Commercially available technology allows for designing QRNG setups tailored to specific use…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Matthias Ostner , Innocenzo De Marco , Christian Roubal

We introduce a systematic method for constructing polytope approximations to the quantum set in a variety of device-independent quantum random number generation (DI-QRNG) protocols. Our approach relies on two general-purpose algorithms that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-11 Hyejung H. Jee , Florian J. Curchod , Mafalda L. Almeida

Quantum measurements under realistic conditions reveal only partial information about a system. Yet, by performing sequential measurements on the same system, additional information can be accessed. We investigate this problem in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-23 Carles Roch I Carceller , Hanwool Lee , Jonatan Bohr Brask , Kieran Flatt , Joonwoo Bae

Quantum Key Distribution(QKD) thrives to achieve perfect secrecy of One time Pad (OTP) through quantum processes. One of the crucial components of QKD are Quantum Random Number Generators(QRNG) for generation of keys. Unfortunately, these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Arun Mishra , Kanaka Raju Pandiri , Anupama Arjun Pandit , Lucy Sharma

Quantum random number generation (QRNG) relies on the inherent unpredictability of quantum mechanical phenomena to efficiently generate high-quality random numbers that can be used in a wide range of cryptography and simulation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-29 Conrad Strydom , Mark Tame

A quantum random-number generator (QRNG) can theoretically generate unpredictable random numbers with perfect devices and is an ideal and secure source of random numbers for cryptography. However, the practical implementations always…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-27 Weinan Huang , Yi-Chen Zhang , Ziyong Zheng , Yang Li , Bingjie Xu , Song Yu

Quantum technologies provide many applications for information processing tasks that are impossible to realize within classical physics. These capabilities include such fundamental resources as generating secure, i.e. private and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-05 Amelie Piveteau , Alban Seguinard , Piotr Mironowicz , Mohamed Bourennane