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This paper considers inference in a linear instrumental variable regression model with many potentially weak instruments, in the presence of heterogeneous treatment effects. I first show that existing test procedures, including those that…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-04-24 Luther Yap

Randomized clinical trials are often designed to assess whether a test treatment prolongs survival relative to a control treatment. Increased patient heterogeneity, while desirable for generalizability of results, can weaken the ability of…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-04-30 Devan V. Mehrotra , Rachel Marceau West

Baseline covariates in randomized experiments are often used in the estimation of treatment effects, for example, when estimating treatment effects within covariate-defined subgroups. In practice, however, covariate values may be missing…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-29 Gauri Kamat , Jerome P. Reiter

In oncology the efficacy of novel therapeutics often differs across patient subgroups, and these variations are difficult to predict during the initial phases of the drug development process. The relation between the power of randomized…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-05 Boyu Ren , Federico Ferrari , Sandra Fortini , Steffen Ventz , Lorenzo Trippa

This article deals with the problem of testing conditional independence between two random vectors ${\bf X}$ and ${\bf Y}$ given a confounding random vector ${\bf Z}$. Several authors have considered this problem for multivariate data.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-09-16 Bilol Banerjee

We consider the problem of independence testing for two univariate random variables in a sequential setting. By leveraging recent developments on safe, anytime-valid inference, we propose a test with time-uniform type I error control and…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-01-29 Alexander Henzi , Michael Law

Mendelian randomization is the use of genetic variants to make causal inferences from observational data. The field is currently undergoing a revolution fuelled by increasing numbers of genetic variants demonstrated to be associated with…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-08-31 Stephen Burgess , Jack Bowden , Frank Dudbridge , Simon G Thompson

We propose new, optimal methods for analyzing randomized trials, when it is suspected that treatment effects may differ in two predefined subpopulations. Such sub-populations could be defined by a biomarker or risk factor measured at…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-11-26 Michael Rosenblum , Han Liu , and En-Hsu Yen

Considerable interest has recently been focused on studying multiple phenotypes simultaneously in both epidemiological and genomic studies, either to capture the multidimensionality of complex disorders or to understand shared etiology of…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-11-26 Denis Agniel , Katherine P. Liao , Tianxi Cai

Empirical work often uses treatment assigned following geographic boundaries. When the effects of treatment cross over borders, classical difference-in-differences estimation produces biased estimates for the average treatment effect. In…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-06-13 Kyle Butts

Randomized experiments are widely used to estimate causal effects across a variety of domains. However, classical causal inference approaches rely on critical independence assumptions that are violated by network interference, when the…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-18 Mayleen Cortez , Matthew Eichhorn , Christina Lee Yu

Given well-shuffled data, can we determine whether the data items are statistically (in)dependent? Formally, we consider the problem of testing whether a set of exchangeable random variables are independent. We will show that this is…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-10-25 Marcus Hutter

Regression is one of the most commonly used statistical techniques. However, testing regression systems is a great challenge because of the absence of test oracle in general. In this paper, we show that Metamorphic Testing is an effective…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-24 Quang-Hung Luu , Man F. Lau , Sebastian P. H. Ng , Tsong Yueh Chen

Randomized experiments (a.k.a. A/B tests) are a powerful tool for estimating treatment effects, to inform decisions making in business, healthcare and other applications. In many problems, the treatment has a lasting effect that evolves…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Ziyang Tang , Yiheng Duan , Stephanie Zhang , Lihong Li

We propose a general new method, the conditional permutation test, for testing the conditional independence of variables $X$ and $Y$ given a potentially high-dimensional random vector $Z$ that may contain confounding factors. The proposed…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-05-08 Thomas B. Berrett , Yi Wang , Rina Foygel Barber , Richard J. Samworth

Independence screening methods such as the two sample $t$-test and the marginal correlation based ranking are among the most widely used techniques for variable selection in ultrahigh dimensional data sets. In this short note, simple…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-11-17 Run Wang , Somak Dutta , Vivekananda Roy

We study the problems of sequential nonparametric two-sample and independence testing. Sequential tests process data online and allow using observed data to decide whether to stop and reject the null hypothesis or to collect more data,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-07-21 Aleksandr Podkopaev , Aaditya Ramdas

Both cluster randomized trials and quasi-experimental designs are used to evaluate the impact of health and social policies and interventions. Stepped-wedge cluster randomized trials randomize a staggered adoption approach, while recent…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-15 Haidong Lu , Gregg S. Gonsalves , Fan Li , Guanyu Tong , Lee Kennedy-Shaffer

Estimating heterogeneous treatment effects has become increasingly important in many fields and life and death decisions are now based on these estimates: for example, selecting a personalized course of medical treatment. Recently, a…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-04-01 Sören R. Künzel , Simon J. S. Walter , Jasjeet S. Sekhon

A random coefficient autoregressive process is deeply investigated in which the coefficients are correlated. First we look at the existence of a strictly stationary causal solution, we give the second-order stationarity conditions and the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-03-29 Frédéric Proïa , Marius Soltane