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When learning a task as a team, some agents in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) may fail to understand their true impact in the performance of the team. Such agents end up learning sub-optimal policies, demonstrating undesired lazy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Rafael Pina , Varuna De Silva , Corentin Artaud

Human players in professional team sports achieve high level coordination by dynamically choosing complementary skills and executing primitive actions to perform these skills. As a step toward creating intelligent agents with this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-11 Jiachen Yang , Igor Borovikov , Hongyuan Zha

Multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MARL) suffers from a lack of commonly-used evaluation tasks and criteria, making comparisons between approaches difficult. In this work, we provide a systematic evaluation and comparison of three…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-10 Georgios Papoudakis , Filippos Christianos , Lukas Schäfer , Stefano V. Albrecht

For problems requiring cooperation, many multiagent systems implement solutions among either individual agents or across an entire population towards a common goal. Multiagent teams are primarily studied when in conflict; however,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-01 David Radke , Kate Larson , Tim Brecht

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has achieved promising results in recent years. However, most existing reinforcement learning methods require a large amount of data for model training. In addition, data-efficient reinforcement…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Xin Yu , Rongye Shi , Pu Feng , Yongkai Tian , Jie Luo , Wenjun Wu

Post-training with Reinforcement Learning (RL) has substantially improved reasoning in Large Language Models (LLMs) via test-time scaling. However, extending this paradigm to Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) through verbose rationales yields limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Bangzheng Li , Jianmo Ni , Chen Qu , Ian Miao , Liu Yang , Xingyu Fu , Muhao Chen , Derek Zhiyuan Cheng

Can emergent language models faithfully model the intelligence of decision-making agents? Though modern language models exhibit already some reasoning ability, and theoretically can potentially express any probable distribution over tokens,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Wenhao Lu , Xufeng Zhao , Josua Spisak , Jae Hee Lee , Stefan Wermter

Robust coordination is critical for effective decision-making in multi-agent systems, especially under partial observability. A central question in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is whether to engineer communication protocols or…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Brennen A. Hill , Mant Koh En Wei , Thangavel Jishnuanandh

Multi-agent robotic systems are increasingly operating in real-world environments in close proximity to humans, yet are largely controlled by policy models with inscrutable deep neural network representations. We introduce a method for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Renos Zabounidis , Joseph Campbell , Simon Stepputtis , Dana Hughes , Katia Sycara

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents make decisions using nothing but observations from the environment, and consequently, heavily rely on the representations of those observations. Though some recent breakthroughs have used vector-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Edan Meyer , Adam White , Marlos C. Machado

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has gained significant traction for solving complex real-world tasks, but the inherent stochasticity and uncertainty in these environments pose substantial challenges to efficient and robust policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Somnath Hazra , Pallab Dasgupta , Soumyajit Dey

Causal representation learning has showed a variety of settings in which we can disentangle latent variables with identifiability guarantees (up to some reasonable equivalence class). Common to all of these approaches is the assumption that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Amin Mansouri , Jason Hartford , Yan Zhang , Yoshua Bengio

Learning a world model for model-free Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents can significantly improve the sample efficiency by learning policies in imagination. However, building a world model for Multi-Agent RL (MARL) can be particularly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yang Zhang , Chenjia Bai , Bin Zhao , Junchi Yan , Xiu Li , Xuelong Li

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) methods often suffer from high sample complexity, limiting their use in real-world problems where data is sparse or expensive to collect. Although latent-variable world models have been employed to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Aravind Venugopal , Stephanie Milani , Fei Fang , Balaraman Ravindran

The primary focus of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has been to study interactions among a fixed number of agents embedded in an environment. However, in the real world, the number of agents is neither fixed nor known a priori.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Shishir Sharma , Doina Precup , Theodore J. Perkins

Information theoretic sensor management approaches are an ideal solution to state estimation problems when considering the optimal control of multi-agent systems, however they are too computationally intensive for large state spaces,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-02-02 William A. Dawson , Ruben Glatt , Edward Rusu , Braden C. Soper , Ryan A. Goldhahn

[Zhang, ICML 2018] provided the first decentralized actor-critic algorithm for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) that offers convergence guarantees. In that work, policies are stochastic and are defined on finite action spaces. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-22 Antoine Grosnit , Desmond Cai , Laura Wynter

Although Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is effective for complex multi-robot tasks, it suffers from low sample efficiency and requires iterative manual reward tuning. Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Guobin Zhu , Rui Zhou , Wenkang Ji , Shiyu Zhao

Joint attention - the ability to purposefully coordinate attention with another agent, and mutually attend to the same thing -- is a critical component of human social cognition. In this paper, we ask whether joint attention can be useful…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Dennis Lee , Natasha Jaques , Chase Kew , Jiaxing Wu , Douglas Eck , Dale Schuurmans , Aleksandra Faust

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has transformed information access and reasoning through open-ended natural language interaction. However, LLMs remain limited by static knowledge, factual hallucinations, and the inability to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Minhua Lin , Zongyu Wu , Zhichao Xu , Hui Liu , Xianfeng Tang , Qi He , Charu Aggarwal , Hui Liu , Xiang Zhang , Suhang Wang