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Power generation in Germany is currently transitioning from a system based on large, central, thermal power plants to one that heavily relies on small, decentral, mostly renewable power generators. This development poses the question how…

Applied Physics · Physics 2017-04-24 Sabine Auer , Florian Steinke , Wang Chunsen , Andrei Szabo , Rudolf Sollacher

In recent years, the contribution of renewable energy resources to the electrical grid has increased drastically; the most common of these are photovoltaic solar panels and wind turbines. These resources rely on inverters to interface with…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-31 John Slane , Adam Mate

Modern grid monitoring equipment enables utilities to collect detailed records of power interruptions. These data are aggregated to compute publicly reported metrics describing high-level characteristics of grid performance. The current…

Physics and Society · Physics 2019-01-14 Laurel N. Dunn , Michael D. Sohn , Kristina Hamachi Lacommare , Joseph H. Eto

The increase of electric demand and the progressive integration of renewable sources threatens the stability of the power grid. To solve this issue, several methods have been proposed to control the demand side instead of increasing the…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-05-22 Eder Batista Tchawou Tchuisseu , Damià Gomila , Pere Colet

Managing supply and demand in the electricity grid is becoming more challenging due to the increasing penetration of variable renewable energy sources. As significant end-use consumers, and through better grid integration, buildings are…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-14 Anjukan Kathirgamanathan , Mattia De Rosa , Eleni Mangina , Donal P. Finn

The shift from synchronous generators to inverter-based resources has caused power system inertia to be unevenly distributed across power grids. As a result, certain grid regions are more vulnerable to high rate-of-change of frequency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-27 Saurav Dulal , Mohammed M. Olama , Ali R. Ekti , Nils M. Stenvig , Yilu Liu

The increasing impact of fossil energy generation on the Earth ecological balance is pointing to the need of a transition in power generation technology towards the more clean and sustainable Renewable Energy Sources (RES). This transition…

Physics and Society · Physics 2016-12-19 Mario Mureddu

Renewables will soon dominate energy production in our electric power system. And yet, how to integrate renewable energy into the grid and the market is still a subject of major debate. Decentral Smart Grid Control (DSGC) was recently…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2016-10-31 Benjamin Schäfer , Carsten Grabow , Sabine Auer , Jürgen Kurths , Dirk Witthaut , Marc Timme

There has been an increasing trend in the electric power system from a centralized generation-driven grid to a more reliable, environmental friendly, and customer-driven grid. One of the most important issues which the designers of smart…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2015-02-03 Kianoosh G. Boroojeni , Shekoufeh Mokhtari , M. H. Amini , S. S. Iyengar

The growing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) has increased the complexity of the power system due to their intermittent characteristics and lower inertial response, such as photovoltaic (PV) systems and wind turbines. This…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-06-25 Mohammad Khatibi , Sara Ahmed

Grid-forming inverter-based autonomous microgrids present new operational challenges as the stabilizing rotational inertia of synchronous machines is absent. The design of efficient control policies for grid-forming inverters is, however, a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-01-18 Yemi Ojo , Jeremy D. Watson , Khaled Laib , Ioannis Lestas

The fundamental frequency is one of the parameters that define power quality. Correctly determining this parameter under the conditions that prevail in modern power grids is crucial. Diagnostic purposes often require an efficient estimation…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Antonio Bracale , Pasquale De Falco , Piotr Kuwałek , Grzegorz Wiczyński

Grid-forming (GFM) converters are generally expected to exhibit low impedance near the fundamental frequency due to their voltage-source behavior. However, an impedance peak and a negative-resistance region are consistently observed in this…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-19 Chao Wu , Jinhao Wang , Yong Wang , Changjiang Zhan , Frede Blaabjerg

The rapid growth of AI/ML data centers has led to higher energy consumption and carbon emissions. The shift to renewable energy and growing data center energy demands can destabilize the power grid. Power grids rely on frequency regulation…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Ali Jahanshahi , Sara Rashidi Golrouye , Osten Anderson , Nanpeng Yu , Daniel Wong

Because energy storage systems have better ramping characteristics than traditional generators, their participation in frequency regulation should facilitate the balancing of load and generation. However, they cannot sustain their output…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-02-20 Bolun Xu , Yury Dvorkin , Daniel S. Kirschen , C. A. Silva-Monroy , Jean-Paul Watson

Wind energy is becoming an increasingly crucial component of a sustainable grid, but its inherent variability and limited predictability present challenges for grid operators. The energy sector needs novel forecasting techniques that can…

Applications · Statistics 2023-12-05 Zheng Dong , Hanyu Zhang , Shixiang Zhu , Yao Xie , Pascal Van Hentenryck

This paper presents a method to better integrate dynamic models for renewable resources into synthetic electric grids. An automated dynamic models assignment process is proposed for wind and solar generators. A realistic composition ratio…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-08 Yijing Liu , Zeyu Mao , Hanyue Li , Komal S Shetye , Thomas J. Overbye

Deviations of grid frequency from the nominal frequency are an indicator of the global imbalance between genera- tion and load. Two types of control, a distributed propor- tional control and a centralized integral control, are cur- rently…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2012-11-20 Krishnamurthy Dvijotham , Michael Chertkov , Scott Backhaus

Power electronic converters for integrating renewable energy resources into power systems can be divided into grid-forming and grid-following inverters. They possess certain similarities, but several important differences, which means that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-28 Yitong Li , Yunjie Gu , Timothy C. Green

Power systems with a high penetration of renewable generation are vulnerable to frequency oscillation and voltage instability. Traditionally, the stability of power systems is considered either in terms of local stability or as an angle…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-31 Xinyuan Jiang , Constantino M. Lagoa , Daning Huang , Yan Li