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We present Flex, an efficient and effective scene encoder that addresses the computational bottleneck of processing high-volume multi-camera data in end-to-end autonomous driving. Flex employs a small set of learnable scene tokens to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Jiawei Yang , Ziyu Chen , Yurong You , Yan Wang , Yiming Li , Yuxiao Chen , Boyi Li , Boris Ivanovic , Marco Pavone , Yue Wang

Given the wide adoption of multimodal sensors (e.g., camera, lidar, radar) by autonomous vehicles (AVs), deep analytics to fuse their outputs for a robust perception become imperative. However, existing fusion methods often make two…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Pengfei Hu , Yuhang Qian , Tianyue Zheng , Ang Li , Zhe Chen , Yue Gao , Xiuzhen Cheng , Jun Luo

An automated vehicle operating in an urban environment must be able to perceive and recognise object/obstacles in a three-dimensional world while navigating in a constantly changing environment. In order to plan and execute accurate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-13 Julie Stephany Berrio , Mao Shan , Stewart Worrall , Eduardo Nebot

Multimodal deep sensor fusion has the potential to enable autonomous vehicles to visually understand their surrounding environments in all weather conditions. However, existing deep sensor fusion methods usually employ convoluted…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Sri Aditya Deevi , Connor Lee , Lu Gan , Sushruth Nagesh , Gaurav Pandey , Soon-Jo Chung

Multi-modality fusion is the guarantee of the stability of autonomous driving systems. In this paper, we propose a general multi-modality cascaded fusion framework, exploiting the advantages of decision-level and feature-level fusion,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Hongwu Kuang , Xiaodong Liu , Jingwei Zhang , Zicheng Fang

Multi-modal systems enhance performance in autonomous driving but face inefficiencies due to indiscriminate processing within each modality. Additionally, the independent feature learning of each modality lacks interaction, which results in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Guoliang You , Xiaomeng Chu , Yifan Duan , Xingchen Li , Sha Zhang , Jianmin Ji , Yanyong Zhang

Trajectory planning in autonomous driving is highly dependent on predicting the emergent behavior of other road users. Learning-based methods are currently showing impressive results in simulation-based challenges, with transformer-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Lars Ullrich , Alex McMaster , Knut Graichen

The Tactical Driver Behavior modeling problem requires understanding of driver actions in complicated urban scenarios from a rich multi modal signals including video, LiDAR and CAN bus data streams. However, the majority of deep learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-22 Athma Narayanan , Avinash Siravuru , Behzad Dariush

In this paper, a multi-modal 360$^{\circ}$ framework for 3D object detection and tracking for autonomous vehicles is presented. The process is divided into four main stages. First, images are fed into a CNN network to obtain instance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-25 Jorge Beltrán , Carlos Guindel , Irene Cortés , Alejandro Barrera , Armando Astudillo , Jesús Urdiales , Mario Álvarez , Farid Bekka , Vicente Milanés , Fernando García

High infraction rates remain the primary bottleneck for end-to-end (E2E) autonomous driving, as evidenced by the low driving scores on the CARLA Leaderboard. Despite collision-related infractions being the dominant failure mode in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Alex Koran , Dimitrios Sinodinos , Hadi Hojjati , Takuya Nanri , Fangge Chen , Narges Armanfard

In self-driving applications, LiDAR data provides accurate information about distances in 3D but lacks the semantic richness of camera data. Therefore, state-of-the-art methods for perception in urban scenes fuse data from both sensor…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Royden Wagner , Marvin Klemp , Carlos Fernandez Lopez

In this paper, we present a neat yet effective transformer-based framework for visual grounding, namely TransVG, to address the task of grounding a language query to the corresponding region onto an image. The state-of-the-art methods,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-17 Jiajun Deng , Zhengyuan Yang , Tianlang Chen , Wengang Zhou , Houqiang Li

Localization is an essential technique in mobile robotics. In a complex environment, it is necessary to fuse different localization modules to obtain more robust results, in which the error model plays a paramount role. However,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-03-31 Xiaoliang Ju , Donghao Xu , Huijing Zhao

As autonomous driving technology matures, end-to-end methodologies have emerged as a leading strategy, promising seamless integration from perception to control via deep learning. However, existing systems grapple with challenges such as…

In automotive sensor fusion systems, smart sensors and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) modules are commonly utilized. Sensor data from these systems are typically available only as processed object lists rather than raw sensor data from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Xiangzhong Liu , Jiajie Zhang , Hao Shen

Recent progress in multimodal generation has increasingly combined autoregressive (AR) and diffusion-based approaches, leveraging their complementary strengths: AR models capture long-range dependencies and produce fluent, context-aware…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Junhao Chen , Yulia Tsvetkov , Xiaochuang Han

Sensor fusion is crucial for a performant and robust Perception system in autonomous vehicles, but sensor staleness, where data from different sensors arrives with varying delays, poses significant challenges. Temporal misalignment between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Meng Fan , Yifan Zuo , Patrick Blaes , Harley Montgomery , Subhasis Das

Many adaptations of transformers have emerged to address the single-modal vision tasks, where self-attention modules are stacked to handle input sources like images. Intuitively, feeding multiple modalities of data to vision transformers…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Yikai Wang , Xinghao Chen , Lele Cao , Wenbing Huang , Fuchun Sun , Yunhe Wang

With the rapid development of intelligent vehicles and Advanced Driving Assistance Systems (ADAS), a mixed level of human driver engagements is involved in the transportation system. Visual guidance for drivers is essential under this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-10 Yongkang Liu , Ziran Wang , Kyungtae Han , Zhenyu Shou , Prashant Tiwari , John H. L. Hansen

The combination of LiDAR and camera modalities is proven to be necessary and typical for 3D object detection according to recent studies. Existing fusion strategies tend to overly rely on the LiDAR modal in essence, which exploits the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-20 Yang Yang , Weijie Ma , Hao Chen , Linlin Ou , Xinyi Yu