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Evaluating image captions without references remains challenging because global embedding similarity often misses fine-grained mismatches such as hallucinated objects, missing attributes, or incorrect relations. We propose MSD-Score, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Shichao Kan , Xuyang Zhang , Haojie Zhang , Zhe Zhu , Yigang Cen , Yixiong Liang , Lianlei Shan , Linna Zhang , Zhe Qu , Jiazhi Xia

Recently, vision-language models like CLIP have advanced the state of the art in a variety of multi-modal tasks including image captioning and caption evaluation. Many approaches leverage CLIP for cross-modal retrieval to condition…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Fabian Paischer , Markus Hofmarcher , Sepp Hochreiter , Thomas Adler

This paper presents a new metric called TIGEr for the automatic evaluation of image captioning systems. Popular metrics, such as BLEU and CIDEr, are based solely on text matching between reference captions and machine-generated captions,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-06 Ming Jiang , Qiuyuan Huang , Lei Zhang , Xin Wang , Pengchuan Zhang , Zhe Gan , Jana Diesner , Jianfeng Gao

Image captioning is a fundamental task in vision-language understanding, where the model predicts a textual informative caption to a given input image. In this paper, we present a simple approach to address this task. We use CLIP encoding…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-19 Ron Mokady , Amir Hertz , Amit H. Bermano

Despite considerable progress, state of the art image captioning models produce generic captions, leaving out important image details. Furthermore, these systems may even misrepresent the image in order to produce a simpler caption…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-10 Zeyu Wang , Berthy Feng , Karthik Narasimhan , Olga Russakovsky

The conventional training approach for image captioning involves pre-training a network using teacher forcing and subsequent fine-tuning with Self-Critical Sequence Training to maximize hand-crafted captioning metrics. However, when…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Nicholas Moratelli , Davide Caffagni , Marcella Cornia , Lorenzo Baraldi , Rita Cucchiara

Recently, image captioning has aroused great interest in both academic and industrial worlds. Most existing systems are built upon large-scale datasets consisting of image-sentence pairs, which, however, are time-consuming to construct. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-18 Fenglin Liu , Meng Gao , Tianhao Zhang , Yuexian Zou

Recent efforts have repurposed the Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) model for No-Reference Image Quality Assessment (NR-IQA) by measuring the cosine similarity between the image embedding and textual prompts such as "a good…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zhicheng Liao , Dongxu Wu , Zhenshan Shi , Sijie Mai , Hanwei Zhu , Lingyu Zhu , Yuncheng Jiang , Baoliang Chen

Automatically generating descriptive captions for images is a well-researched area in computer vision. However, existing evaluation approaches focus on measuring the similarity between two sentences disregarding fine-grained semantics of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-07 Philipp Harzig , Dan Zecha , Rainer Lienhart , Carolin Kaiser , René Schallner

This study explores current limitations of learned image captioning evaluation metrics, specifically the lack of granular assessments for errors within captions, and the reliance on single-point quality estimates without considering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Gonçalo Gomes , Bruno Martins , Chrysoula Zerva

Benefiting from advances in machine vision and natural language processing techniques, current image captioning systems are able to generate detailed visual descriptions. For the most part, these descriptions represent an objective…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-16 Omid Mohamad Nezami , Mark Dras , Stephen Wan , Cecile Paris

Recent advances in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have greatly improved image understanding and captioning capabilities. However, existing image captioning benchmarks typically suffer from limited diversity in caption length, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Zitong Xu , Huiyu Duan , Shengyao Qin , Guangyu Yang , Guangji Ma , Xiongkuo Min , Ke Gu , Guangtao Zhai , Patrick Le Callet

Recently, the state-of-the-art models for image captioning have overtaken human performance based on the most popular metrics, such as BLEU, METEOR, ROUGE, and CIDEr. Does this mean we have solved the task of image captioning? The above…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-05-16 Qingzhong Wang , Antoni B. Chan

There is considerable interest in the task of automatically generating image captions. However, evaluation is challenging. Existing automatic evaluation metrics are primarily sensitive to n-gram overlap, which is neither necessary nor…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-08-01 Peter Anderson , Basura Fernando , Mark Johnson , Stephen Gould

Establishing an automatic evaluation metric that closely aligns with human judgments is essential for effectively developing image captioning models. Recent data-driven metrics have demonstrated a stronger correlation with human judgments…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Yuiga Wada , Kanta Kaneda , Daichi Saito , Komei Sugiura

Web-scale training on paired text-image data is becoming increasingly central to multimodal learning, but is challenged by the highly noisy nature of datasets in the wild. Standard data filtering approaches succeed in removing mismatched…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Moran Yanuka , Morris Alper , Hadar Averbuch-Elor , Raja Giryes

Evaluating the compatibility between textual descriptions and corresponding images represents a core endeavor within multi-modal research. In recent years, a proliferation of reference-free methods, leveraging visual-language pre-trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Zheng Ma , Changxin Wang , Yawen Ouyang , Fei Zhao , Jianbing Zhang , Shujian Huang , Jiajun Chen

The development of CLIP [Radford et al., 2021] has sparked a debate on whether language supervision can result in vision models with more transferable representations than traditional image-only methods. Our work studies this question…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Shibani Santurkar , Yann Dubois , Rohan Taori , Percy Liang , Tatsunori Hashimoto

No-Reference Image Quality Assessment (NR-IQA) focuses on designing methods to measure image quality in alignment with human perception when a high-quality reference image is unavailable. Most state-of-the-art NR-IQA approaches are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Lorenzo Agnolucci , Leonardo Galteri , Marco Bertini

Distinctive Image Captioning (DIC) -- generating distinctive captions that describe the unique details of a target image -- has received considerable attention over the last few years. A recent DIC work proposes to generate distinctive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-25 Yangjun Mao , Long Chen , Zhihong Jiang , Dong Zhang , Zhimeng Zhang , Jian Shao , Jun Xiao