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Human biases have been shown to influence the performance of models and algorithms in various fields, including Natural Language Processing. While the study of this phenomenon is garnering focus in recent years, the available resources are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Ana Sofia Evans , Helena Moniz , Luísa Coheur

Natural language inference (NLI) aims at predicting the relationship between a given pair of premise and hypothesis. However, several works have found that there widely exists a bias pattern called annotation artifacts in NLI datasets,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Guanhua Zhang , Bing Bai , Junqi Zhang , Kun Bai , Conghui Zhu , Tiejun Zhao

The predictions of text classifiers are often driven by spurious correlations -- e.g., the term `Spielberg' correlates with positively reviewed movies, even though the term itself does not semantically convey a positive sentiment. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Zhao Wang , Aron Culotta

Often machine learning models tend to automatically learn associations present in the training data without questioning their validity or appropriateness. This undesirable property is the root cause of the manifestation of spurious…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Preetam Prabhu Srikar Dammu , Chirag Shah

Human label variation has been established as a central phenomenon in NLP: the perspectives different annotators have on the same item need to be embraced. Data collection practices thus shifted towards increasing the annotator numbers and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Maximilian Maurer , Maximilian Linde , Gabriella Lapesa

Machine learning models can reach high performance on benchmark natural language processing (NLP) datasets but fail in more challenging settings. We study this issue when a pre-trained model learns dataset artifacts in natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-20 Zhenyuan Lu

Ambiguity is an intrinsic feature of natural language. Managing ambiguity is a key part of human language understanding, allowing us to anticipate misunderstanding as communicators and revise our interpretations as listeners. As language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Alisa Liu , Zhaofeng Wu , Julian Michael , Alane Suhr , Peter West , Alexander Koller , Swabha Swayamdipta , Noah A. Smith , Yejin Choi

In this paper, we explore Annotation Artifacts - the phenomena wherein large pre-trained NLP models achieve high performance on benchmark datasets but do not actually "solve" the underlying task and instead rely on some dataset artifacts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Armaan Singh Bhullar

Recently, NLP models have achieved remarkable progress across a variety of tasks; however, they have also been criticized for being not robust. Many robustness problems can be attributed to models exploiting spurious correlations, or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Tianlu Wang , Rohit Sridhar , Diyi Yang , Xuezhi Wang

Neural networks often exhibit simplicity bias, favoring simpler features over more complex ones, even when both are equally predictive. We introduce a novel method called imbalanced label coupling to explore and extend this simplicity bias…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Zhehang Du

Large-scale datasets for natural language inference are created by presenting crowd workers with a sentence (premise), and asking them to generate three new sentences (hypotheses) that it entails, contradicts, or is logically neutral with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-18 Suchin Gururangan , Swabha Swayamdipta , Omer Levy , Roy Schwartz , Samuel R. Bowman , Noah A. Smith

A growing body of recent evidence has highlighted the limitations of natural language processing (NLP) datasets and classifiers. These include the presence of annotation artifacts in datasets, classifiers relying on shallow features like a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Debajyoti Datta , Shashwat Kumar , Laura Barnes , Tom Fletcher

Fine-tuning a pretrained language model on a curated dataset can produce spurious correlations between the fine-tuning task and unintended latent factors -- such as misaligned personas or political slant -- that the curation procedure has…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-28 Ciarán M. Gilligan-Lee , Joseph Egan , Yuchen Zhu , Michael O'Riordan

Despite substantial advances, large language models (LLMs) continue to exhibit hallucinations, generating plausible yet incorrect responses. In this paper, we highlight a critical yet previously underexplored class of hallucinations driven…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Shaowen Wang , Yiqi Dong , Ruinian Chang , Tansheng Zhu , Yuebo Sun , Kaifeng Lyu , Jian Li

Identifying spurious correlations learned by a trained model is at the core of refining a trained model and building a trustworthy model. We present a simple method to identify spurious correlations that have been learned by a model trained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-07 Misgina Tsighe Hagos , Kathleen M. Curran , Brian Mac Namee

Machine learning models are known to learn spurious correlations, i.e., features having strong relations with class labels but no causal relation. Relying on those correlations leads to poor performance in the data groups without these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Phuong Quynh Le , Jörg Schlötterer , Christin Seifert

In computer vision, a prevailing method for quantifying dataset bias is to train a model to distinguish between datasets. High classification accuracy is then interpreted as evidence of meaningful semantic differences. This approach assumes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Amir Hossein Saleknia , Mohammad Sabokrou

Explainable AI (XAI) algorithms aim to help users understand how a machine learning model makes predictions. To this end, many approaches explain which input features are most predictive of a target label. However, such explanations can…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Jiaming Qu , Jaime Arguello , Yue Wang

Neural image classifiers can often learn to make predictions by overly relying on non-predictive features that are spuriously correlated with the class labels in the training data. This leads to poor performance in real-world atypical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Sreyan Ghosh , Chandra Kiran Reddy Evuru , Sonal Kumar , Utkarsh Tyagi , Sakshi Singh , Sanjoy Chowdhury , Dinesh Manocha

Prompt sensitivity, referring to the phenomenon where paraphrasing (i.e., repeating something written or spoken using different words) leads to significant changes in large language model (LLM) performance, has been widely accepted as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Andong Hua , Kenan Tang , Chenhe Gu , Jindong Gu , Eric Wong , Yao Qin