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End-to-end acoustic-to-word speech recognition models have recently gained popularity because they are easy to train, scale well to large amounts of training data, and do not require a lexicon. In addition, word models may also be easier to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-20 Shruti Palaskar , Vikas Raunak , Florian Metze

Word embeddings or distributed representations of words are being used in various applications like machine translation, sentiment analysis, topic identification etc. Quality of word embeddings and performance of their applications depends…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-09 Erion Çano , Maurizio Morisio

Pre-trained word embeddings encode general word semantics and lexical regularities of natural language, and have proven useful across many NLP tasks, including word sense disambiguation, machine translation, and sentiment analysis, to name…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-22 Alejandro Moreo , Andrea Esuli , Fabrizio Sebastiani

Word embedding models such as GloVe rely on co-occurrence statistics from a large corpus to learn vector representations of word meaning. These vectors have proven to capture surprisingly fine-grained semantic and syntactic information.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-11-16 Shoaib Jameel , Zied Bouraoui , Steven Schockaert

Maybe the single most important goal of representation learning is making subsequent learning faster. Surprisingly, this fact is not well reflected in the way embeddings are evaluated. In addition, recent practice in word embeddings points…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-02-09 Stanisław Jastrzebski , Damian Leśniak , Wojciech Marian Czarnecki

We present path2vec, a new approach for learning graph embeddings that relies on structural measures of pairwise node similarities. The model learns representations for nodes in a dense space that approximate a given user-defined graph…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-15 Andrey Kutuzov , Mohammad Dorgham , Oleksiy Oliynyk , Chris Biemann , Alexander Panchenko

In this paper we study word stress representations learned by self-supervised speech models (S3M), specifically the Wav2vec 2.0 model. We investigate the S3M representations of word stress for five different languages: Three languages with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Martijn Bentum , Louis ten Bosch , Tomas O. Lentz

Text embedding models from Natural Language Processing can map text data (e.g. words, sentences, documents) to supposedly meaningful numerical representations (a.k.a. text embeddings). While such models are increasingly applied in social…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Qixiang Fang , Dong Nguyen , Daniel L Oberski

We present an unsupervised approach for discovering semantic representations of mathematical equations. Equations are challenging to analyze because each is unique, or nearly unique. Our method, which we call equation embeddings, finds good…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-28 Kriste Krstovski , David M. Blei

Weighted Majority Voting (WMV) is a well-known optimal decision rule for collective decision making, given the probability of sources to provide accurate information (trustworthiness). However, in reality, the trustworthiness is not a known…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Shaojie Bai , Dongxia Wang , Tim Muller , Peng Cheng , Jiming Chen

Word embedding models offer continuous vector representations that can capture rich contextual semantics based on their word co-occurrence patterns. While these word vectors can provide very effective features used in many NLP tasks such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-02-27 Cem Safak Sahin , Rajmonda S. Caceres , Brandon Oselio , William M. Campbell

Uncontextualized word embeddings are reliable feature representations of words used to obtain high quality results for various NLP applications. Given the historical success of word embeddings in NLP, we propose a retrospective on some of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-02 Edward Newell , Kian Kenyon-Dean , Jackie Chi Kit Cheung

Word embedding is designed to represent the semantic meaning of a word with low dimensional vectors. The state-of-the-art methods of learning word embeddings (word2vec and GloVe) only use the word co-occurrence information. The learned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Ruixuan Luo

Acoustic word embeddings (AWEs) are fixed-dimensional vector representations of speech segments that encode phonetic content so that different realisations of the same word have similar embeddings. In this paper we explore semantic AWE…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-06 Christiaan Jacobs , Herman Kamper

Telecom services are at the core of today's societies' everyday needs. The availability of numerous online forums and discussion platforms enables telecom providers to improve their services by exploring the views of their customers to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Hesham Abdelmotaleb , Craig McNeile , Malgorzata Wojtys

Visual Semantic Embedding (VSE) models, which map images into a rich semantic embedding space, have been a milestone in object recognition and zero-shot learning. Current approaches to VSE heavily rely on static word em-bedding techniques.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Yue Jiao , Jonathon Hare , Adam Prügel-Bennett

With the advancement of large language models (LLMs), an increasing number of student models have leveraged LLMs to analyze textual artifacts generated by students to understand and evaluate their learning. These student models typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Jiayi Zhang

This article focuses on the study of Word Embedding, a feature-learning technique in Natural Language Processing that maps words or phrases to low-dimensional vectors. Beginning with the linguistic theories concerning contextual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Xiaolei Lu , Bin Ni

Self-supervised word embedding algorithms such as word2vec provide a minimal setting for studying representation learning in language modeling. We examine the quartic Taylor approximation of the word2vec loss around the origin, and we show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Dhruva Karkada , James B. Simon , Yasaman Bahri , Michael R. DeWeese

Analyzing the pattern of semantic variation in long real-world texts such as books or transcripts is interesting from the stylistic, cognitive, and linguistic perspectives. It is also useful for applications such as text segmentation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Deven M. Mistry , Ali A. Minai