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Modern dense information retrieval (IR) models usually rely on costly large-scale pretraining. In this paper, we introduce LLM2IR, an efficient unsupervised contrastive learning framework to convert any decoder-only large language model…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Xiaocong Yang

Large language models (LLMs) based on Transformer have been widely applied in the filed of natural language processing (NLP), demonstrating strong performance, particularly in handling short text tasks. However, when it comes to long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Yijun Liu , Jinzheng Yu , Yang Xu , Zhongyang Li , Qingfu Zhu

In this work, we revisit the Transformer-based pre-trained language models and identify two different types of information confusion in position encoding and model representations, respectively. Firstly, we show that in the relative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Haojie Zhang , Mingfei Liang , Ruobing Xie , Zhenlong Sun , Bo Zhang , Leyu Lin

Large language models have become extremely popular recently due to their ability to achieve strong performance on a variety of tasks, such as text generation and rewriting, but their size and computation cost make them difficult to access,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Anthony Lamelas

Neural machine translation (NMT) models generally adopt an encoder-decoder architecture for modeling the entire translation process. The encoder summarizes the representation of input sentence from scratch, which is potentially a problem if…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-12-27 Xinwei Geng , Longyue Wang , Xing Wang , Bing Qin , Ting Liu , Zhaopeng Tu

The field of neural machine translation (NMT) has changed with the advent of large language models (LLMs). Much of the recent emphasis in natural language processing (NLP) has been on modeling machine translation and many other problems…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Yingfeng Luo , Tong Zheng , Yongyu Mu , Bei Li , Qinghong Zhang , Yongqi Gao , Ziqiang Xu , Peinan Feng , Xiaoqian Liu , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Latent tree learning(LTL) methods learn to parse sentences using only indirect supervision from a downstream task. Recent advances in latent tree learning have made it possible to recover moderately high quality tree structures by training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-24 Phu Mon Htut , Kyunghyun Cho , Samuel R. Bowman

We introduce two pre-trained retrieval focused multilingual sentence encoding models, respectively based on the Transformer and CNN model architectures. The models embed text from 16 languages into a single semantic space using a multi-task…

Pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) encapsulate large amounts of knowledge and take enormous amounts of compute to train. We make use of this resource, together with the observation that LLMs are able to transfer knowledge and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Malcolm L. Wolff , Shenghao Yang , Kari Torkkola , Michael W. Mahoney

In language processing, training data with extremely large variance may lead to difficulty in the language model's convergence. It is difficult for the network parameters to adapt sentences with largely varied semantics or grammatical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Yunhao Yang , Zhaokun Xue

The conversion from text to speech relies on the accurate mapping from linguistic to acoustic symbol sequences, for which current practice employs recurrent statistical models like recurrent neural networks. Despite the good performance of…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-11-07 Santiago Pascual , Antonio Bonafonte , Joan Serrà

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate exceptional reasoning abilities, enabling strong generalization across diverse tasks such as commonsense reasoning and instruction following. However, as LLMs scale, inference costs become…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Rhea Sanjay Sukthanker , Benedikt Staffler , Frank Hutter , Aaron Klein

This thesis provides methods and analysis of models which make progress on this goal. The techniques outlined are task agnostic, and should provide benefit when used with nearly any transformer LM. We introduce two new finetuning methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Davis Yoshida

The Transformer architecture has become prominent in developing large causal language models. However, mechanisms to explain its capabilities are not well understood. Focused on the training process, here we establish a meta-learning view…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Xinbo Wu , Lav R. Varshney

Large language models (LLMs) achieve remarkable performance through ever-increasing parameter counts, but scaling incurs steep computational costs. To better understand LLM scaling, we study representational differences between LLMs and…

Recently, various studies have been directed towards exploring dense passage retrieval techniques employing pre-trained language models, among which the masked auto-encoder (MAE) pre-training architecture has emerged as the most promising.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Zehan Li , Yanzhao Zhang , Dingkun Long , Pengjun Xie

Although n-gram language models (LMs) have been outperformed by the state-of-the-art neural LMs, they are still widely used in speech recognition due to its high efficiency in inference. In this paper, we demonstrate that n-gram LM can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Yiren Wang , Hongzhao Huang , Zhe Liu , Yutong Pang , Yongqiang Wang , ChengXiang Zhai , Fuchun Peng

Transformer-based language models (LMs) are powerful and widely-applicable tools, but their usefulness is constrained by a finite context window and the expensive computational cost of processing long text documents. We propose to adapt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Alexis Chevalier , Alexander Wettig , Anirudh Ajith , Danqi Chen

Neural Machine Translation model is a sequence-to-sequence converter based on neural networks. Existing models use recurrent neural networks to construct both the encoder and decoder modules. In alternative research, the recurrent networks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Ritam Mallick , Seba Susan , Vaibhaw Agrawal , Rizul Garg , Prateek Rawal

Neural models have yielded state-of-the-art results in deciphering spoken language understanding (SLU) problems; however, these models require a significant amount of domain-specific labeled examples for training, which is prohibitively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Jin Cao , Jun Wang , Wael Hamza , Kelly Vanee , Shang-Wen Li