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We introduce a semi-parametric model for the primary mass distribution of binary black holes (BBHs) observed with gravitational waves (GWs) that applies a cubic-spline perturbation to a power law. We apply this model to the 46 BBHs included…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-01-25 Bruce Edelman , Zoheyr Doctor , Jaxen Godfrey , Ben Farr

Gravitational-wave detectors have opened a new window through which we can observe black holes (BHs) and neutron stars (NSs). Analyzing the 11 detections from LIGO/Virgo's first gravitational-wave catalog, GWTC-1, we investigate whether the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-08-07 Maya Fishbach , Reed Essick , Daniel E. Holz

The mass distribution of merging binary black holes is generically predicted to evolve with redshift, reflecting systematic changes in their astrophysical environment, stellar progenitors, and/or dominant formation channels over cosmic…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-06-04 Max Lalleman , Kevin Turbang , Thomas Callister , Nick van Remortel

Traditionally, the pair instability (PI) mass gap is located between 50\,and 130\,$M_{\odot}$, with stellar mass black holes (BHs) expected to "pile up" towards the lower PI edge. However, this lower PI boundary is based on the assumption…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-02-06 Ethan R. J. Winch , Jorick S. Vink , Erin R. Higgins , Gautham N. Sabhahit

Stellar evolution theories predict a gap in the black hole birth mass spectrum as the result of pair instability processes in the cores of massive stars.This gap, however, is not seen in the binary black hole masses inferred from…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-10-31 Fabio Antonini , Isobel M. Romero-Shaw , Thomas Callister

Mass distribution of black holes in low-mass X-ray binaries previously suggested the existence of a $ \sim 2-5M_{\odot} $ mass gap between the most massive neutron stars and the least massive black holes, while some recent evidence appears…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-11-30 Yong Shao

Models of pair-instability supernovae (PISNe) predict a gap in black hole (BH) masses between $\sim 45M_\odot-120M_\odot$, which is referred to as the upper BH mass-gap. With the advent of gravitational-wave astrophysics it has become…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-08-19 Pablo Marchant , Takashi Moriya

In LIGO's O1 and O2 observational runs, the detectors were sensitive to stellar mass binary black hole coalescences with component masses up to $100\,M_\odot$, with binaries with primary masses above $40\,M_\odot$ representing $\gtrsim90\%$…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-12-21 Maya Fishbach , Daniel E. Holz

Some analyses of the third gravitational wave catalogue released by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA collaboration (LVK) suggest an excess of black holes around $15-20 M_{\odot}$. In order to investigate this feature, we introduce two flexible…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-10-02 Alexandre Toubiana , Michael L. Katz , Jonathan R. Gair

We use the gravitational wave signals from binary black hole merger events observed by LIGO and Virgo to reconstruct the underlying mass and spin distributions of the population of merging black holes. We reconstruct the population using…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-05-27 Vaibhav Tiwari , Stephen Fairhurst

In the standard picture of stellar evolution, pair-instability -- the energy loss in stellar cores due to electron-positron pair production -- is predicted to prevent the collapse of massive stars into black holes with mass in the range…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2024-02-01 Nicolas Fernandez , Akshay Ghalsasi , Stefano Profumo , Nolan Smyth , Lillian Santos-Olmsted

The existence of compact stellar remnants in the mass range $2-5\,M_{\odot}$ has long been debated. This so-called lower mass gap was initially suggested by the lack of low-mass X-ray binary observations with accretors about…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-11-05 Claire S. Ye , Kyle Kremer , Scott M. Ransom , Frederic A. Rasio

The pair-instability supernova (PISN) mechanism predicts a mass gap in the black hole population, where no stellar-origin black holes are expected to form. However, several binary black hole (BBH) merger events exhibit component masses that…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-05-29 Qiyuan Yang , Zhi-Qiang You , Xilong Fan

We study the population properties of merging binary black holes in the second LIGO--Virgo Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog assuming they were all formed dynamically in gravitationally bound clusters. Using a phenomenological population…

Current population models of binary black hole distributions are difficult to interpret because standard population inferences hinge on modeling choices, which can mask or mimic real structure. The maximum population likelihood…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-09-15 Nir Guttman , Ethan Payne , Paul D. Lasky , Eric Thrane

Repeated black-hole mergers in dense stellar clusters are a plausible mechanism to populate the predicted gap in black hole masses due to the pair-instability supernova process. These hierarchical mergers carry distinct spin characteristics…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-06 Cailin Plunkett , Thomas Callister , Michael Zevin , Salvatore Vitale

Gravitational-wave detections have revealed a previously unknown population of stellar mass black holes with masses above $20\, M_{\odot}$. These observations provide a new way to test models of stellar evolution for massive stars. By…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-04-25 Colm Talbot , Eric Thrane

The origin of the black hole (BH) binary mergers observed by LIGO-Virgo is still uncertain, as are the boundaries of the stellar BH mass function. Stellar evolution models predict a dearth of BHs both at masses $\gtrsim 50$ M$_\odot$ and…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2020-05-27 Giacomo Fragione , Abraham Loeb , Frederic A. Rasio

The mass distribution of binary black holes inferred from gravitational wave measurements is expected to shed light on their formation scenarios. An emerging structure in the mass distribution indicates the presence of multiple peaks around…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-12-16 Vaibhav Tiwari

In modified gravity models that allow for additional non-compact spacetime dimensions, energy from gravitational waves can leak into these extra spacetime dimensions, leading to a reduction in the amplitude of the observed gravitational…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-12-15 Ignacio Magana Hernandez