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Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in both industry and academia for various tasks, yet evaluating the consistency of generated text responses continues to be a challenge. Traditional metrics like ROUGE and BLEU show a weak…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-26 P Aditya Sreekar , Sahil Verma , Suransh Chopra , Sarik Ghazarian , Abhishek Persad , Narayanan Sadagopan

Human evaluation for summarization tasks is reliable but brings in issues of reproducibility and high costs. Automatic metrics are cheap and reproducible but sometimes poorly correlated with human judgment. In this work, we propose flexible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Shiyue Zhang , Mohit Bansal

Metrics are the foundation for automatic evaluation in grammatical error correction (GEC), with their evaluation of the metrics (meta-evaluation) relying on their correlation with human judgments. However, conventional meta-evaluations in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Masamune Kobayashi , Masato Mita , Mamoru Komachi

Most Sign Language Translation (SLT) corpora pair each signed utterance with a single written-language reference, despite the highly non-isomorphic relationship between sign and spoken languages, where multiple translations can be equally…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Václav Javorek , Tomáš Železný , Alessa Carbo , Marek Hrúz , Ivan Gruber

Evaluating free-form Question Answering (QA) remains a challenge due to its diverse and open-ended nature. Traditional automatic metrics fail to capture semantic equivalence or accommodate the variability of open-ended responses. Leveraging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Sher Badshah , Moamen Moustafa , Hassan Sajjad

Sentence similarity is considered the basis of many natural language tasks such as information retrieval, question answering and text summarization. The semantic meaning between compared text fragments is based on the words semantic…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2016-10-17 Issa Atoum , Ahmed Otoom , Narayanan Kulathuramaiyer

Significant progress has been made in automatic text evaluation with the introduction of large language models (LLMs) as evaluators. However, current sample-wise evaluation paradigm suffers from the following issues: (1) Sensitive to prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Peiwen Yuan , Shaoxiong Feng , Yiwei Li , Xinglin Wang , Boyuan Pan , Heda Wang , Kan Li

Evaluation metrics for image captioning face two challenges. Firstly, commonly used metrics such as CIDEr, METEOR, ROUGE and BLEU often do not correlate well with human judgments. Secondly, each metric has well known blind spots to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-06-19 Yin Cui , Guandao Yang , Andreas Veit , Xun Huang , Serge Belongie

Sentence summarization aims at compressing a long sentence into a short one that keeps the main gist, and has extensive real-world applications such as headline generation. In previous work, researchers have developed various approaches to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Puyuan Liu , Xiang Zhang , Lili Mou

Self-rationalization models that predict task labels and generate free-text elaborations for their predictions could enable more intuitive interaction with NLP systems. These models are, however, currently trained with a large amount of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Ana Marasović , Iz Beltagy , Doug Downey , Matthew E. Peters

The ability to compare the semantic similarity between text corpora is important in a variety of natural language processing applications. However, standard methods for evaluating these metrics have yet to be established. We propose a set…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-30 George Kour , Samuel Ackerman , Orna Raz , Eitan Farchi , Boaz Carmeli , Ateret Anaby-Tavor

Automatic text simplification (TS) aims to automate the process of rewriting text to make it easier for people to read. A pre-requisite for TS to be useful is that it should convey information that is consistent with the meaning of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Sweta Agrawal , Marine Carpuat

While dialogue remains an important end-goal of natural language research, the difficulty of evaluation is an oft-quoted reason why it remains troublesome to make real progress towards its solution. Evaluation difficulties are actually…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Margaret Li , Jason Weston , Stephen Roller

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to refactor unit tests, improving readability and structure while preserving behavior. Evaluating such refactorings, however, remains difficult: metrics like CodeBLEU penalize beneficial…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Wendkûuni C. Ouédraogo , Yinghua Li , Xueqi Dang , Xin Zhou , Anil Koyuncu , Jacques Klein , David Lo , Tegawendé F. Bissyandé

The performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) is highly sensitive to the prompts they are given. Drawing inspiration from the field of prompt optimization, this study investigates the potential for enhancing Automated Essay Scoring (AES)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Keno Harada , Lui Yoshida , Takeshi Kojima , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo

In recent years, machine learning models have rapidly become better at generating clinical consultation notes; yet, there is little work on how to properly evaluate the generated consultation notes to understand the impact they may have on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-04 Francesco Moramarco , Alex Papadopoulos Korfiatis , Mark Perera , Damir Juric , Jack Flann , Ehud Reiter , Anya Belz , Aleksandar Savkov

Due to the exponential growth of information and the need for efficient information consumption the task of summarization has gained paramount importance. Evaluating summarization accurately and objectively presents significant challenges,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Dong Yuan , Eti Rastogi , Fen Zhao , Sagar Goyal , Gautam Naik , Sree Prasanna Rajagopal

This paper addresses automatic quality assessment of spoken language translation (SLT). This relatively new task is defined and formalized as a sequence labeling problem where each word in the SLT hypothesis is tagged as good or bad…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-10-02 Ngoc-Tien Le , Benjamin Lecouteux , Laurent Besacier

Being able to rank the similarity of short text segments is an interesting bonus feature of neural machine translation. Translation-based similarity measures include direct and pivot translation probability, as well as translation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Jannis Vamvas , Rico Sennrich

Automated scoring of open-ended student responses has the potential to significantly reduce human grader effort. Recent advances in automated scoring often leverage textual representations based on pre-trained language models such as BERT…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Nigel Fernandez , Aritra Ghosh , Naiming Liu , Zichao Wang , Benoît Choffin , Richard Baraniuk , Andrew Lan